promoted biomass growth in suspension culture cells (Selivanov et al. 2017).
Gold (Au) NPs change the pH of the culture medium and
made it alkaline. AuNPs caused a slight but steady decrease
in the specific respiratory activity of the A. thaliana suspension culture cells, as well as an increase in the intracellular pool of free amino acids (alanine, c-aminobutyric acid,
and valine). Furthermore, the nanoparticles changed the
extracellular protein composition and the actin cytoskeleton
structure in the A. thaliana cell culture (Selivanov et al.
2017). AuNP-induced increases in stem height and diameter,
leaf and shoot numbers, and yield were observed in mustard
and tobacco and that increases in seed germination and
biomass amount were observed in maize, gloriosa lily, mung
bean, and pearl millet. Adverse effects of AuNPs on plants
were also reported: in tobacco, small (3.5-nm) AuNPs
caused leaf necrosis, while the impacts of large (18-nm)
nanoparticles were no different from the control (Alkilany
et al. 2010). In onion, AuNP toxicity was manifested as an
increase in the mitotic index. In barley, wormwood, and rice,
the root and shoot length decreased slightly. In soybean and
pumpkin, AuNPs did not affect the plants’ morphological
and functional characteristics (Chhipa 2017).
8 Interaction of Nanoparticles in Plant Cells
and Tissue Culture
The effect of AuNPs on plant growth endocytosis is the way
for nanoparticles to enter plant cells (Onelli et al. 2008).
Other types of nanoparticles, such as gold nanostars (Su
et al. 2010), paramagnetic nanoparticles (González-Melendi
et al. 2008), nanoparticles of silicon oxide (Torney et al.
2007), magnesium oxide (Wang et al. 2013), and carbon
nanotubes (Khodakovskaya et al. 2009), presumably enter
plant tissues through endocytosis. Several studies (Koemel
et al. 2013) have pointed out that AuNPs are never found in
the aerial parts of radish, pumpkin, barley, poplar, and
wheat, unlike what is observed in tobacco, tomato, alfalfa,
ryegrass, maize, bamboo, and rice. The efficacy of tissue
penetration of AuNPs depends not only on the plant species
used but also on the particles’ size and surface charge. Some
part in this process is played by the plant vascular system, as
well as by plasmodesmata (Koemel et al. 2013). When
AuNPs are sprayed on seedlings of watermelon, they enter
leaves via stomata and are translocated from leaves to roots
by the phloem transport mechanism (Raliya et al. 2016).
Small nanoparticles penetrate the aerial parts better than
large ones; also they are more toxic. With AgNPs, this fact
could be explained by the better solubility of small particles
and by the toxicity of the metal ions (Ivask et al. 2014).
AuNPs were found not only in tobacco leaves but also in the
tissues of tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta), which feeds
on tobacco leaves. Using an artificial aquatic ecosystem,
Ferry et al. (2009) showed that gold nanorods penetrated the
tissues of molluscs, shrimp, and fish better than they penetrated the tissues of the water plant Spartina alterniflora
Loisel. Seedlings of spring barley grown hydroponically for
two weeks with 1–10 lg
−1 ml of 10-nm AuNPs accumulated the nanoparticles both in leaves and in roots. Factors
that determine the intracellular penetration of nanoparticles
is their chemical nature, size, shape, surface charge, and dose
to detect metals in organs, localize, and identify nanoparticles at the cellular and subcellular levels, and assess cytotoxicity. Having both positive and negative charge, NPs
make suspension of cell culture that helps in studying the
effect of nanoparticle on the plant. There have been different
factors involved in influencing NPs and plants, which are
shown in Fig. 3 (Burman and Kumar 2018).
9 Conclusion
The existence of innovation always comes with the pros and
cons of our ecosystem. Nanotechnology in sustainable
agriculture leads to synthesize nanomaterials with a vast
range of its applicability to human and environmental health.
On behalf of the precautionary principle for keeping the
environmental health safety by reducing contamination
through toxic pesticide aspects replace with the environmental release of nanoparticles. Although nanopesticides
may also create new kinds of contamination in soils and
waterways due to enhanced transport, longer persistence,
and higher toxicity than the conventional chemicals utilization way outs, that they replace.
• The recent development in the synthesis and characterization of engineered nanoparticle show the significant
transformation from hazardous, environmental polluting
aspects that lead toward green chemistry.
• Nanosciences include the utility of nanofertilizers and
nanopesticides and influence environment friendly synthesis of the metal nanoparticle.
• Metal nanoparticle has drawn much attention because of
controlled properties of shape, size, and dispersity which
is imperative. Such metal nanoparticle is widely
employed as a catalyst for enhancing the reaction kinetics
at its nanoscale use.
References
Ali Z, Zhang C, Zhu J, Jin G, Wang Z, Wu Y, Khan MA, Dai J, Tang Y
(2018) The role of nanotechnology in food safety: Current status
and future perspective. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 18(12):7983–8002
Nanotechnology: Advancement for Agricultural Sustainability
25
Gold (Au) NPs change the pH of the culture medium and
made it alkaline. AuNPs caused a slight but steady decrease
in the specific respiratory activity of the A. thaliana suspension culture cells, as well as an increase in the intracellular pool of free amino acids (alanine, c-aminobutyric acid,
and valine). Furthermore, the nanoparticles changed the
extracellular protein composition and the actin cytoskeleton
structure in the A. thaliana cell culture (Selivanov et al.
2017). AuNP-induced increases in stem height and diameter,
leaf and shoot numbers, and yield were observed in mustard
and tobacco and that increases in seed germination and
biomass amount were observed in maize, gloriosa lily, mung
bean, and pearl millet. Adverse effects of AuNPs on plants
were also reported: in tobacco, small (3.5-nm) AuNPs
caused leaf necrosis, while the impacts of large (18-nm)
nanoparticles were no different from the control (Alkilany
et al. 2010). In onion, AuNP toxicity was manifested as an
increase in the mitotic index. In barley, wormwood, and rice,
the root and shoot length decreased slightly. In soybean and
pumpkin, AuNPs did not affect the plants’ morphological
and functional characteristics (Chhipa 2017).
8 Interaction of Nanoparticles in Plant Cells
and Tissue Culture
The effect of AuNPs on plant growth endocytosis is the way
for nanoparticles to enter plant cells (Onelli et al. 2008).
Other types of nanoparticles, such as gold nanostars (Su
et al. 2010), paramagnetic nanoparticles (González-Melendi
et al. 2008), nanoparticles of silicon oxide (Torney et al.
2007), magnesium oxide (Wang et al. 2013), and carbon
nanotubes (Khodakovskaya et al. 2009), presumably enter
plant tissues through endocytosis. Several studies (Koemel
et al. 2013) have pointed out that AuNPs are never found in
the aerial parts of radish, pumpkin, barley, poplar, and
wheat, unlike what is observed in tobacco, tomato, alfalfa,
ryegrass, maize, bamboo, and rice. The efficacy of tissue
penetration of AuNPs depends not only on the plant species
used but also on the particles’ size and surface charge. Some
part in this process is played by the plant vascular system, as
well as by plasmodesmata (Koemel et al. 2013). When
AuNPs are sprayed on seedlings of watermelon, they enter
leaves via stomata and are translocated from leaves to roots
by the phloem transport mechanism (Raliya et al. 2016).
Small nanoparticles penetrate the aerial parts better than
large ones; also they are more toxic. With AgNPs, this fact
could be explained by the better solubility of small particles
and by the toxicity of the metal ions (Ivask et al. 2014).
AuNPs were found not only in tobacco leaves but also in the
tissues of tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta), which feeds
on tobacco leaves. Using an artificial aquatic ecosystem,
Ferry et al. (2009) showed that gold nanorods penetrated the
tissues of molluscs, shrimp, and fish better than they penetrated the tissues of the water plant Spartina alterniflora
Loisel. Seedlings of spring barley grown hydroponically for
two weeks with 1–10 lg
−1 ml of 10-nm AuNPs accumulated the nanoparticles both in leaves and in roots. Factors
that determine the intracellular penetration of nanoparticles
is their chemical nature, size, shape, surface charge, and dose
to detect metals in organs, localize, and identify nanoparticles at the cellular and subcellular levels, and assess cytotoxicity. Having both positive and negative charge, NPs
make suspension of cell culture that helps in studying the
effect of nanoparticle on the plant. There have been different
factors involved in influencing NPs and plants, which are
shown in Fig. 3 (Burman and Kumar 2018).
9 Conclusion
The existence of innovation always comes with the pros and
cons of our ecosystem. Nanotechnology in sustainable
agriculture leads to synthesize nanomaterials with a vast
range of its applicability to human and environmental health.
On behalf of the precautionary principle for keeping the
environmental health safety by reducing contamination
through toxic pesticide aspects replace with the environmental release of nanoparticles. Although nanopesticides
may also create new kinds of contamination in soils and
waterways due to enhanced transport, longer persistence,
and higher toxicity than the conventional chemicals utilization way outs, that they replace.
• The recent development in the synthesis and characterization of engineered nanoparticle show the significant
transformation from hazardous, environmental polluting
aspects that lead toward green chemistry.
• Nanosciences include the utility of nanofertilizers and
nanopesticides and influence environment friendly synthesis of the metal nanoparticle.
• Metal nanoparticle has drawn much attention because of
controlled properties of shape, size, and dispersity which
is imperative. Such metal nanoparticle is widely
employed as a catalyst for enhancing the reaction kinetics
at its nanoscale use.
References
Ali Z, Zhang C, Zhu J, Jin G, Wang Z, Wu Y, Khan MA, Dai J, Tang Y
(2018) The role of nanotechnology in food safety: Current status
and future perspective. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 18(12):7983–8002
Nanotechnology: Advancement for Agricultural Sustainability
25