fortification of microbial biomass and diversity present in the
soil is most important challenging issue for sustainable
resource utilization, since advanced higher levels of microbial diversity as well as biomass indicate higher turnover of
nutrient. Very little studies have been performed and
reported the toxicity of ENPs to soil microorganisms due to
the complex nature of soil through which the organisms are
rendered to these ENPs inside diverse phases of soil. For
understanding the complete effects of ENPs on different soil
organisms under different environmental conditions, more
studies are required that detect the different parameters of
soil, which influence the bioavailability in addition to the
toxicity of ENPs.
5 Future Perspectives and Challenges
Nanoparticles from the environment and the ENPs interact
with the microbes in the soil and agro-ecosystems. The NPs
form of chemicals, metal (ions), smoke, etc., in air, water
and soil cause the environmental pollution when occurring
over a quantity of forbearance limit for living animals that is
a problem from an age-old. Inappropriate as well as excessive utilization of pesticides and fertilizers has augmented
nutrients as well as toxins in surface waters and groundwater, incurring health and water purification expenses, and
lessening fish farming as well as recreational opportunities
(Mukhopadhyay 2014). Moreover, the soil quality is
degraded due to different practices in agriculture, which
leads to the eutrophication in the aquatic habitats and may
perhaps require the disbursement of augmented fertilization,
irrigation and energy to maintain productivity on tarnished
soils (Mukhopadhyay 2014; Belal and El-Ramady 2016).
These preceding practices could also destroy beneficial soil
microbes, insects and other wildlife.
It is well understood that the nanotechnology’s application in the field of agriculture might be triumphant, whenever the naturally occurring processes are stimulated within
huge articulation of science or sophistication intended for
booming accomplishment. For example, the objective may
be to build the soil extremely competent to advance the
nutrient usage in efficient manner for productivity boosting
and superior security of environment. Consequently, the
nutrient management in the nanotechnology frame should be
based on some imperative parameters, which includes (1) in
the soil system, ions of nutrient should be available as an
obtainable forms for the plant, and (2) within plant and soil
systems, transport of nutrient relies on exchange of ions,
desorption and adsorption and the precipitation or solubility
reactions, as well as (3) NMs should ease the process that
would guarantee the nutrients accessibility for the plants in
the rate and manner as per their requirement (Mukhopadhyay 2014; Belal and El-Ramady 2016).
Nanotechnology provides a number of modern approaches or strategies that could employed for water management, fertilizers, pesticides, sensors and restrictions in the
application of chemically prepared pesticides, and the NMs
potential in the agriculture management in sustainable way
(Prasad et al. 2014). There are a number of publications,
which have determined the agriculture sustainability beneath
the nanotechnology’s roof and effect of NPs on the terrestrial
environments (Mura et al. 2013; Mukhopadhyay 2014;
Prasad et al. 2014; Sekhon 2014; Takeuchi et al. 2014; Ditta
et al. 2015; Patil et al. 2016; Salamanca-Buentello and Daar
2016; Rajput et al. 2018a, b, 2020a, b). From these reports, it
has been clearly noticed that nanotechnology will participate
a progressively more significant role in the agriculture field.
Moreover, the last decade researches demonstrated that the
potential nanotechnology’s applications in transforming the
field of agriculture with the revolution in the fields such as
regulators for plant growth, biosensors, smart delivery systems for drugs, plants and animals genetic improvement,
food additives, pesticides and fertilizers transformed into
nano-pesticides and nano-fertilizers (Hong et al. 2013).
Hong et al (2013) suggested that for thwarting the probable
unfavourable effects from the nanotechnology application in
the agriculture sector, research on the issues like in the
ecosystem, the transport and the fate of the NMs, uptake as
well as its accumulation in animals and plants, with the NMs
toxicity evaluation need to be performed. Risk assessment
research should also be executed prior to nano-products
application for agriculture, and the effects must be examined.
The prospect of the nanotechnology application in agriculture is extraordinary. The implementation of some novel
technologies is an imperative concern in the sustainable
development frame, and it is well-documented
(Mukhopadhyay 2014). It has been proposed that the nanotechnology application in agriculture may take a timeline
period of few decades to shift from the laboratory scale to
field, particularly because of the drawbacks experienced to
evade with biotechnology. Nanotechnology’s application is
important, as it provided the global population, who carry on
the deficiency in access to safe water, education, health care,
trustworthy sources of energy, as well as other basic
development needs of human (Belal and El-Ramady 2016).
In conclusion, in the light of sustainability the potential
nanotechnology applications needs to be re-assessed, considering the ethical (Salamanca-Buentello and Daar 2016),
societal (Roure 2016), economic (Shapira and Youtie 2015)
as well as environmental factors (Bottero 2016) and interdependencies. It means, the products based on nanotechnology needs sustainability, must not only while the phase of
its manufacturing but also must be considered over the
complete life cycle of the product. Thus, as presented in
review by Rickerby (2013), an entire life cycle of product
must be considered for an assessment of technology as well
Interaction of Nanoparticles with Microbes
183
soil is most important challenging issue for sustainable
resource utilization, since advanced higher levels of microbial diversity as well as biomass indicate higher turnover of
nutrient. Very little studies have been performed and
reported the toxicity of ENPs to soil microorganisms due to
the complex nature of soil through which the organisms are
rendered to these ENPs inside diverse phases of soil. For
understanding the complete effects of ENPs on different soil
organisms under different environmental conditions, more
studies are required that detect the different parameters of
soil, which influence the bioavailability in addition to the
toxicity of ENPs.
5 Future Perspectives and Challenges
Nanoparticles from the environment and the ENPs interact
with the microbes in the soil and agro-ecosystems. The NPs
form of chemicals, metal (ions), smoke, etc., in air, water
and soil cause the environmental pollution when occurring
over a quantity of forbearance limit for living animals that is
a problem from an age-old. Inappropriate as well as excessive utilization of pesticides and fertilizers has augmented
nutrients as well as toxins in surface waters and groundwater, incurring health and water purification expenses, and
lessening fish farming as well as recreational opportunities
(Mukhopadhyay 2014). Moreover, the soil quality is
degraded due to different practices in agriculture, which
leads to the eutrophication in the aquatic habitats and may
perhaps require the disbursement of augmented fertilization,
irrigation and energy to maintain productivity on tarnished
soils (Mukhopadhyay 2014; Belal and El-Ramady 2016).
These preceding practices could also destroy beneficial soil
microbes, insects and other wildlife.
It is well understood that the nanotechnology’s application in the field of agriculture might be triumphant, whenever the naturally occurring processes are stimulated within
huge articulation of science or sophistication intended for
booming accomplishment. For example, the objective may
be to build the soil extremely competent to advance the
nutrient usage in efficient manner for productivity boosting
and superior security of environment. Consequently, the
nutrient management in the nanotechnology frame should be
based on some imperative parameters, which includes (1) in
the soil system, ions of nutrient should be available as an
obtainable forms for the plant, and (2) within plant and soil
systems, transport of nutrient relies on exchange of ions,
desorption and adsorption and the precipitation or solubility
reactions, as well as (3) NMs should ease the process that
would guarantee the nutrients accessibility for the plants in
the rate and manner as per their requirement (Mukhopadhyay 2014; Belal and El-Ramady 2016).
Nanotechnology provides a number of modern approaches or strategies that could employed for water management, fertilizers, pesticides, sensors and restrictions in the
application of chemically prepared pesticides, and the NMs
potential in the agriculture management in sustainable way
(Prasad et al. 2014). There are a number of publications,
which have determined the agriculture sustainability beneath
the nanotechnology’s roof and effect of NPs on the terrestrial
environments (Mura et al. 2013; Mukhopadhyay 2014;
Prasad et al. 2014; Sekhon 2014; Takeuchi et al. 2014; Ditta
et al. 2015; Patil et al. 2016; Salamanca-Buentello and Daar
2016; Rajput et al. 2018a, b, 2020a, b). From these reports, it
has been clearly noticed that nanotechnology will participate
a progressively more significant role in the agriculture field.
Moreover, the last decade researches demonstrated that the
potential nanotechnology’s applications in transforming the
field of agriculture with the revolution in the fields such as
regulators for plant growth, biosensors, smart delivery systems for drugs, plants and animals genetic improvement,
food additives, pesticides and fertilizers transformed into
nano-pesticides and nano-fertilizers (Hong et al. 2013).
Hong et al (2013) suggested that for thwarting the probable
unfavourable effects from the nanotechnology application in
the agriculture sector, research on the issues like in the
ecosystem, the transport and the fate of the NMs, uptake as
well as its accumulation in animals and plants, with the NMs
toxicity evaluation need to be performed. Risk assessment
research should also be executed prior to nano-products
application for agriculture, and the effects must be examined.
The prospect of the nanotechnology application in agriculture is extraordinary. The implementation of some novel
technologies is an imperative concern in the sustainable
development frame, and it is well-documented
(Mukhopadhyay 2014). It has been proposed that the nanotechnology application in agriculture may take a timeline
period of few decades to shift from the laboratory scale to
field, particularly because of the drawbacks experienced to
evade with biotechnology. Nanotechnology’s application is
important, as it provided the global population, who carry on
the deficiency in access to safe water, education, health care,
trustworthy sources of energy, as well as other basic
development needs of human (Belal and El-Ramady 2016).
In conclusion, in the light of sustainability the potential
nanotechnology applications needs to be re-assessed, considering the ethical (Salamanca-Buentello and Daar 2016),
societal (Roure 2016), economic (Shapira and Youtie 2015)
as well as environmental factors (Bottero 2016) and interdependencies. It means, the products based on nanotechnology needs sustainability, must not only while the phase of
its manufacturing but also must be considered over the
complete life cycle of the product. Thus, as presented in
review by Rickerby (2013), an entire life cycle of product
must be considered for an assessment of technology as well
Interaction of Nanoparticles with Microbes
183