multiwalled were used in detection of methyl parathion in
acetylcholinesterase enzyme modified with glassed electrode
made up of carbon and detected in small amount in water
and soil (Dong et al. 2013). Inhibitory effect of acetylcholinesterase enzyme was used for detection of methyl
parathion. An amino-containing phosphorus such as glufosinate and glyphosate herbicide in soil was detected by
nanofilm-modified pencil graphite electrode in range of
0.19–0.35 mg mL
−1 , respectively.
Herbicide chlortoluron was detected by enzymatic
nano-biosensor (Haddaoui and Raouafi 2015). The application of herbicide in agriculture provides prevention of
growth of weed in cereal fields. The nanostructured method
utilizing ZnO nanoparticles and modified carbon electrodes
having screen-printed (SPCEs) which allows the detection of
an activity of enzyme inhibition in tyrosinase and herbicide
level of chlortoluron in part per billion (ppb) is also detected.
This nano-biosensor has a 0.47 nano-mole (nM) detection
limit. Herbicide chlortoluron induces tyrosinase inhibition in
range from 1 to 100 nM.
E. Detection of Pesticide and Insecticide by
Aptamer-Based Nanosensor
Aptamers are made up of peptide molecules or single-stranded
nucleic acid having size less than 25 kDa with natural or
artificial origin, also known as antibodies which are used for
recognition element of aptasensors. Aptasensors are further
used in pesticide and insecticide detection. They are also used
for further detection of heavy metals such as Hg
2+ , As
3+ and
Cu
2+ . Even antibiotic kanamycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and cocaine were also detected by aptasensors. Acetamiprid in soil ranging from 75 nM to 7.5 lM is detected by
nano-biosensor made up of nanoparticles with gold aptamer
containing acetamiprid-binder.
Some pesticides such as monocrotophos and
organophosphate were detected by an electrochemical
biosensor including injection having novel flow (Norouzi
2017). Integrated results of chitosan–gold nanoparticle film
are produced with technique called as fast Fourier transform
continuous cyclic voltammetry (FFTRCCV). The purpose is
to use chitosan–gold nanoparticles for increasing the
immobilization level, and the results are obtained in less than
70 s, and further increased sensitivity has 10 nm detection
limit; structure obtained was more stable having more than
50-day storage stability.
F. Nanosensors in Insecticide Detection
Another biosensor called as amperometric immunosensor
was used for carbofuran detection which is a broad-spectrum
insecticide used in agriculture. Gold nanoparticles are
immobilized with monoclonal antibody specific to carbofuran on the glutathione. Carbon nanotubes are having multiwalled and sheet of grapheme made up with
polyethyleneimine polymer–gold nanocomposites via
self-assembly and modified on to the surface of a glass
carbon electrode. And further, this antibody conjugates with
gold nanoparticles detected by the immunosensing method
in detection limit 0.03 ng mL
−1 . This simultaneous
immunological and electrochemical strategy provides highly
reproducible, high stability, more specific and good regeneration capability nanosensors (Zhu et al. 2013). Another
study on quantum dots (QDs) was done for methyl parathion
detection by chronoamperometric sensor in the presence of
substrate called as ATCl before and after inhibition with
different concentrations of methyl parathion producing
results variation in oxidation current which gives the concentration of methyl parathion involved in a reaction. QDs
are nanocrystals known for their fluorescence spectra, full
wavelength absorbance, high photo-stability and fluorescence emission in controlled manner. QDs have all these
properties which provide them a property for imaging and
sensing purpose. Construct prepared in the study was made
up of ZnSe quantum dots attached with graphene–chitosan
nanocomposites electrostatically and casted on a glassy
carbon electrode, and acetylcholinesterase with mercaptophenyl boronic acid-functionalized was quantitatively
detecting methyl parathion in 0.2 nM in the form of electrochemical signals.
G. Nanosensors As Disease Detection Tool
a. Nano-biosensor made up of chitosan and ZnO
nanoparticles nanocomposite with electrode made up
of gold is developed to detect fungal pathogen Trichoderma harzianum (Siddiquee and Suryani 2014).
b. Polymyxa betae, causal agent of necrotic yellow
vein virus, which is detected by quantum dots
consisting of fluorescence resonance energy transfer
(FRET) nano-biosensor is used for identification of
disease in sugar beet named as Rhizomania (Safarpour et al. 2012).
c. Bakhori et al. (2013) have reported that FRET is
used for identification of Ganoderma boninense
with oligonucleotide in which sensor is made up of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes and quantum
dots.
d. Gold nanoparticle tagged with horse radish peroxidase for bacterial detection such as Pantoae stewartii (Zhao et al. 2014a, b).
e. Label-free gold nanorods were used for Odontoglossum ringspot virus detection and Cymbidium
mosaic virus detection in 42 and 48 pg mL
−1 ,
respectively.
Bio-nanosensors: Synthesis and Their Substantial Role …
169
acetylcholinesterase enzyme modified with glassed electrode
made up of carbon and detected in small amount in water
and soil (Dong et al. 2013). Inhibitory effect of acetylcholinesterase enzyme was used for detection of methyl
parathion. An amino-containing phosphorus such as glufosinate and glyphosate herbicide in soil was detected by
nanofilm-modified pencil graphite electrode in range of
0.19–0.35 mg mL
−1 , respectively.
Herbicide chlortoluron was detected by enzymatic
nano-biosensor (Haddaoui and Raouafi 2015). The application of herbicide in agriculture provides prevention of
growth of weed in cereal fields. The nanostructured method
utilizing ZnO nanoparticles and modified carbon electrodes
having screen-printed (SPCEs) which allows the detection of
an activity of enzyme inhibition in tyrosinase and herbicide
level of chlortoluron in part per billion (ppb) is also detected.
This nano-biosensor has a 0.47 nano-mole (nM) detection
limit. Herbicide chlortoluron induces tyrosinase inhibition in
range from 1 to 100 nM.
E. Detection of Pesticide and Insecticide by
Aptamer-Based Nanosensor
Aptamers are made up of peptide molecules or single-stranded
nucleic acid having size less than 25 kDa with natural or
artificial origin, also known as antibodies which are used for
recognition element of aptasensors. Aptasensors are further
used in pesticide and insecticide detection. They are also used
for further detection of heavy metals such as Hg
2+ , As
3+ and
Cu
2+ . Even antibiotic kanamycin, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and cocaine were also detected by aptasensors. Acetamiprid in soil ranging from 75 nM to 7.5 lM is detected by
nano-biosensor made up of nanoparticles with gold aptamer
containing acetamiprid-binder.
Some pesticides such as monocrotophos and
organophosphate were detected by an electrochemical
biosensor including injection having novel flow (Norouzi
2017). Integrated results of chitosan–gold nanoparticle film
are produced with technique called as fast Fourier transform
continuous cyclic voltammetry (FFTRCCV). The purpose is
to use chitosan–gold nanoparticles for increasing the
immobilization level, and the results are obtained in less than
70 s, and further increased sensitivity has 10 nm detection
limit; structure obtained was more stable having more than
50-day storage stability.
F. Nanosensors in Insecticide Detection
Another biosensor called as amperometric immunosensor
was used for carbofuran detection which is a broad-spectrum
insecticide used in agriculture. Gold nanoparticles are
immobilized with monoclonal antibody specific to carbofuran on the glutathione. Carbon nanotubes are having multiwalled and sheet of grapheme made up with
polyethyleneimine polymer–gold nanocomposites via
self-assembly and modified on to the surface of a glass
carbon electrode. And further, this antibody conjugates with
gold nanoparticles detected by the immunosensing method
in detection limit 0.03 ng mL
−1 . This simultaneous
immunological and electrochemical strategy provides highly
reproducible, high stability, more specific and good regeneration capability nanosensors (Zhu et al. 2013). Another
study on quantum dots (QDs) was done for methyl parathion
detection by chronoamperometric sensor in the presence of
substrate called as ATCl before and after inhibition with
different concentrations of methyl parathion producing
results variation in oxidation current which gives the concentration of methyl parathion involved in a reaction. QDs
are nanocrystals known for their fluorescence spectra, full
wavelength absorbance, high photo-stability and fluorescence emission in controlled manner. QDs have all these
properties which provide them a property for imaging and
sensing purpose. Construct prepared in the study was made
up of ZnSe quantum dots attached with graphene–chitosan
nanocomposites electrostatically and casted on a glassy
carbon electrode, and acetylcholinesterase with mercaptophenyl boronic acid-functionalized was quantitatively
detecting methyl parathion in 0.2 nM in the form of electrochemical signals.
G. Nanosensors As Disease Detection Tool
a. Nano-biosensor made up of chitosan and ZnO
nanoparticles nanocomposite with electrode made up
of gold is developed to detect fungal pathogen Trichoderma harzianum (Siddiquee and Suryani 2014).
b. Polymyxa betae, causal agent of necrotic yellow
vein virus, which is detected by quantum dots
consisting of fluorescence resonance energy transfer
(FRET) nano-biosensor is used for identification of
disease in sugar beet named as Rhizomania (Safarpour et al. 2012).
c. Bakhori et al. (2013) have reported that FRET is
used for identification of Ganoderma boninense
with oligonucleotide in which sensor is made up of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) probes and quantum
dots.
d. Gold nanoparticle tagged with horse radish peroxidase for bacterial detection such as Pantoae stewartii (Zhao et al. 2014a, b).
e. Label-free gold nanorods were used for Odontoglossum ringspot virus detection and Cymbidium
mosaic virus detection in 42 and 48 pg mL
−1 ,
respectively.
Bio-nanosensors: Synthesis and Their Substantial Role …
169