efficiency of photosystem II (PS-II) was reduced. The NPs
increased the non-photochemical quenching and decrease in
stomatal conductance (Gs) and CO 2 assimilation with
overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The
photosynthesis process was affected negatively by accumulation of NPs in the leaves of bean plants (Falco et al. 2020).
A study performed by Mylona et al. (2020) to test the
impacts of Ag-NP for sensitive responses and toxicity on the
seagrass (Cymodocea nodosa). The results showed changes
in the cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, ultrastructure of
seagrass treated with test NPs. The function of photosystem
II, markers of oxidative stress and cell viability were altered
in test plants. The leaf, rhizome, root elongation and protein
content in seagrass were decreased, and antioxidant enzyme
activity was increased (Mylona et al. 2020).
The in-vitro grown seedlings of Abelmoschus esculentus
(okra) were investigated by Baskar et al. (2020) for phytotoxic effects by metal oxide NPs such as nickel oxide (NiO),
copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO). The tested NPs
suppressed plant growth in a concentration-dependent
manner. The results showed decrease in chlorophyll content, length of shoot and root, enhanced ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA), altered anthocyanin, total phenols and
flavonoids in the NP-treated seedlings of A. esculentus.
Among the tested Ni-NPs toxicity was high than CuO and
ZnO-NPs in the treated seedlings (Baskar et al. 2020).
Yang et al. (2020) performed study on the rice (O. sativa
L.) plants grown under hydroponic condition to assess for
phytotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO-NPs) for
seven days of exposure. The treated plants were found with
suppressed growth rate, increased malondialdehyde (MDA)
content and electrical conductivity in shoots. The leaf
chlorophyll-a, b, carotenoid, catalase and superoxide dismutase were decreased. The results of the study reported
effective CuO-NPs concentration that affected the growth
and development of rice seedlings through oxidative damage
and decrease in chlorophyll and carotenoid synthesis (Yang
et al. 2020).
Priester et al. (2017) studied growth of soybean (Glycine
max) in soil enriched with nCeO 2 or nZnO. The results
showed increase in lipid peroxidation and ROS and
decrease in total chlorophyll that damaged leaf. The quantum efficiency of PS-II and seed protein remained unchanged by test NP on soybean plants. The NPs generated stress
and damage in soybean leaves (Priester et al. 2017). The
seed yield of Glycine max (cv. Kowsar) grown in soil with
N-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium japonicum) inoculant was
evaluated by Yusefi-Tanha et al. (2020) for CuO-NPs (25,
50 and 250 nm) phytotoxicity. The results showed the
differential alteration of antioxidant enzymes such as APX,
CAT, POX, SOD and MDA dependent on the type, concentration and interactions of copper compound
(Yusefi-Tanha et al. 2020).
The study performed by Singh and Kumar (2020a, b)
showed growth of Spinacia oleracea by the treatment of
single and binary mixture of CuO and ZnO-NPs in the soil.
The results revealed the adverse effects of test NPs on spinach plant biomass and fresh weight (Singh and Kumar
2020a, b). The physiology and biochemistry of spinach
plants after foliar application of lead oxide nanoparticles
(PbO-NPs) on lead (Pb) accumulation and associated health
risks were evaluated by Natasha et al. (2020). The results
showed accumulation of Pb decreased in leaf pigments; dry
weight and the activities of catalase and peroxidase were
increased. The translocation was limited toward root tissues
in test plants by NPs. The foliar deposition of metal-enriched
particles (PM) affects growth of spinach and ingestion of
metal-contaminated vegetables results in health issues
(Natasha et al. 2020).
7 Conclusion
Nanoparticles are reported to replace the bulk forms in
coming generations as the concern to get enhanced outputs
from agriculture to feed increasing human population. The
nanoparticles efficacy is dosage-dependent manner and
required in small quantities to get benefits. The abiotic/biotic
stresses are important hurdles of the present agroecosystem
around the planet; the nanoparticles are important tools to
boost yields. The engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) attracted
the community of researchers to investigate the effects in
variety of plant habits. The findings support the nanoscale
particles improve the variety of physiological aspects such as
germination, in vitro regeneration, metabolic profile, leaf,
shoot, fruit and root growth, antioxidant (enzymatic and
non-enzymatic) levels, nutrient uptake, colonization of
microbiota, defenses against diseases, essential oil and
amelioration of stress (drought, chilling and metal). The
nanomaterials were applied to plants either sole or in combination with biochar, AM fungi, chemical fertilizer that
enhanced efficiency of plant uptake resulted in high yields.
The
market
for
nanofertilizers,
nanopesticides,
nano-herbicides and other nano-agrochemicals is near to
conquer and revolutionize the yields.
Acknowlegements The author expresses deep gratitude toward
Hon’ble Vice-chancellor, Prof. Naseem (Hon’ble Registrar) and
members, Department of Botany, Telangana University. Thanks to
editors and anonymous reviewers for enlighten and encourage during
the endeavor.
Plant Physiological Responses to Engineered Nanoparticles
95
increased the non-photochemical quenching and decrease in
stomatal conductance (Gs) and CO 2 assimilation with
overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The
photosynthesis process was affected negatively by accumulation of NPs in the leaves of bean plants (Falco et al. 2020).
A study performed by Mylona et al. (2020) to test the
impacts of Ag-NP for sensitive responses and toxicity on the
seagrass (Cymodocea nodosa). The results showed changes
in the cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, ultrastructure of
seagrass treated with test NPs. The function of photosystem
II, markers of oxidative stress and cell viability were altered
in test plants. The leaf, rhizome, root elongation and protein
content in seagrass were decreased, and antioxidant enzyme
activity was increased (Mylona et al. 2020).
The in-vitro grown seedlings of Abelmoschus esculentus
(okra) were investigated by Baskar et al. (2020) for phytotoxic effects by metal oxide NPs such as nickel oxide (NiO),
copper oxide (CuO) and zinc oxide (ZnO). The tested NPs
suppressed plant growth in a concentration-dependent
manner. The results showed decrease in chlorophyll content, length of shoot and root, enhanced ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA), altered anthocyanin, total phenols and
flavonoids in the NP-treated seedlings of A. esculentus.
Among the tested Ni-NPs toxicity was high than CuO and
ZnO-NPs in the treated seedlings (Baskar et al. 2020).
Yang et al. (2020) performed study on the rice (O. sativa
L.) plants grown under hydroponic condition to assess for
phytotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO-NPs) for
seven days of exposure. The treated plants were found with
suppressed growth rate, increased malondialdehyde (MDA)
content and electrical conductivity in shoots. The leaf
chlorophyll-a, b, carotenoid, catalase and superoxide dismutase were decreased. The results of the study reported
effective CuO-NPs concentration that affected the growth
and development of rice seedlings through oxidative damage
and decrease in chlorophyll and carotenoid synthesis (Yang
et al. 2020).
Priester et al. (2017) studied growth of soybean (Glycine
max) in soil enriched with nCeO 2 or nZnO. The results
showed increase in lipid peroxidation and ROS and
decrease in total chlorophyll that damaged leaf. The quantum efficiency of PS-II and seed protein remained unchanged by test NP on soybean plants. The NPs generated stress
and damage in soybean leaves (Priester et al. 2017). The
seed yield of Glycine max (cv. Kowsar) grown in soil with
N-fixing bacteria (Rhizobium japonicum) inoculant was
evaluated by Yusefi-Tanha et al. (2020) for CuO-NPs (25,
50 and 250 nm) phytotoxicity. The results showed the
differential alteration of antioxidant enzymes such as APX,
CAT, POX, SOD and MDA dependent on the type, concentration and interactions of copper compound
(Yusefi-Tanha et al. 2020).
The study performed by Singh and Kumar (2020a, b)
showed growth of Spinacia oleracea by the treatment of
single and binary mixture of CuO and ZnO-NPs in the soil.
The results revealed the adverse effects of test NPs on spinach plant biomass and fresh weight (Singh and Kumar
2020a, b). The physiology and biochemistry of spinach
plants after foliar application of lead oxide nanoparticles
(PbO-NPs) on lead (Pb) accumulation and associated health
risks were evaluated by Natasha et al. (2020). The results
showed accumulation of Pb decreased in leaf pigments; dry
weight and the activities of catalase and peroxidase were
increased. The translocation was limited toward root tissues
in test plants by NPs. The foliar deposition of metal-enriched
particles (PM) affects growth of spinach and ingestion of
metal-contaminated vegetables results in health issues
(Natasha et al. 2020).
7 Conclusion
Nanoparticles are reported to replace the bulk forms in
coming generations as the concern to get enhanced outputs
from agriculture to feed increasing human population. The
nanoparticles efficacy is dosage-dependent manner and
required in small quantities to get benefits. The abiotic/biotic
stresses are important hurdles of the present agroecosystem
around the planet; the nanoparticles are important tools to
boost yields. The engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) attracted
the community of researchers to investigate the effects in
variety of plant habits. The findings support the nanoscale
particles improve the variety of physiological aspects such as
germination, in vitro regeneration, metabolic profile, leaf,
shoot, fruit and root growth, antioxidant (enzymatic and
non-enzymatic) levels, nutrient uptake, colonization of
microbiota, defenses against diseases, essential oil and
amelioration of stress (drought, chilling and metal). The
nanomaterials were applied to plants either sole or in combination with biochar, AM fungi, chemical fertilizer that
enhanced efficiency of plant uptake resulted in high yields.
The
market
for
nanofertilizers,
nanopesticides,
nano-herbicides and other nano-agrochemicals is near to
conquer and revolutionize the yields.
Acknowlegements The author expresses deep gratitude toward
Hon’ble Vice-chancellor, Prof. Naseem (Hon’ble Registrar) and
members, Department of Botany, Telangana University. Thanks to
editors and anonymous reviewers for enlighten and encourage during
the endeavor.
Plant Physiological Responses to Engineered Nanoparticles
95