Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.2 Historical Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1.3 Brief Overview on Past Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.4 Work Executed as Per Simplified Model Developed
by Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
2 Advantages of Hybrid Bioreactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
2.1 Limitations of Activated Sludge Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
2.1.1
Substantial Volume of the Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
2.1.2
Surge Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.3
Inability to Maintain Uniform Biomass
Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.4
Poor Settleability in Secondary Clarifier . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.5
Inadequacy to Withstand Toxic and Inhibitory
Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.6
High Energy Requirement During Operation . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Efforts Made on Upgradation of Activated Sludge Process . . . . . 11
2.2.1
The LINPOR Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2
The Suspended Carrier Biofilm Process (SCBP) . . . . . . 13
2.2.3
Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS)
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Advantage of Biofilm Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 Aerobic Fixed-Bed Hybrid Bioreactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.1
Performance of Fixed-Bed Aerobic
Hybrid Bioreactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.2
Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS)
System—At a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
ix
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.2 Historical Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1.3 Brief Overview on Past Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.4 Work Executed as Per Simplified Model Developed
by Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
2 Advantages of Hybrid Bioreactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
2.1 Limitations of Activated Sludge Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
2.1.1
Substantial Volume of the Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
2.1.2
Surge Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.3
Inability to Maintain Uniform Biomass
Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.4
Poor Settleability in Secondary Clarifier . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.5
Inadequacy to Withstand Toxic and Inhibitory
Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.6
High Energy Requirement During Operation . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 Efforts Made on Upgradation of Activated Sludge Process . . . . . 11
2.2.1
The LINPOR Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2.2
The Suspended Carrier Biofilm Process (SCBP) . . . . . . 13
2.2.3
Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS)
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Advantage of Biofilm Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 Aerobic Fixed-Bed Hybrid Bioreactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.1
Performance of Fixed-Bed Aerobic
Hybrid Bioreactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.4.2
Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS)
System—At a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
ix