6
1 Introduction
The detailed experimental study can be conducted both under semi-batch and
continuous mode with synthetic carbonaceous wastewater as well as raw municipal
wastewater. The significance of this experimental studies is to observe the removal
performance of the reactors and hence to validate the experimental data with the
model outputs. It is normally seen that the model output results are within ±10% variation of the experimental outputs. Generally after the experimental validation of the
mathematical model, the process design of hybrid bioreactor should be accomplished
to determine its volume, physical dimension and other operational requirements
including oxygen requirement for any targeted effluent substrate concentration.
For carrying out the experiments in the laboratory, Protein Concentration of the
attached biomass sample can be determined following the Lowrys’ Method [24]
modified by Herbert et al. [25]. The protein concentration is determined to calculate
the biomass density of the attached surface in the hybrid bioreactor. The thickness
of biofilm can be measured in scanning electron microscope (SEM) following the
standard protocols.
The isolation of biomass from both suspended and attached growth can be
performed following the procedures like sterilization, serial dilution, augur plating
and spreading, and finally gram staining. Finally, characterization of above biomass
can be done using 16Sr DNA protocol after PCR analysis.
References
1. Sen D, Randall CW (1994)/1990 Performance of fixed film media integrated in the activated
sludge reactors to enhance nitrogen removal. Water Sci Technol 30:13–24
2. Eckenfelder WW Jr (2000) Industrial water pollution control, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
Singapore
3. Campbell H, Schnell A (2003) Upgrading activated sludge systems using free floating plastic
media[online]. Available from www.hydroxyl.com/papers/waterdown/UpgradeAS.pdf
4. Rutt K, Seda J, Johnson CH (2006) Two years case study of integrated fixed film activated
sludge at Broomfield Co WWTP. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, sesson
10, pp 225–239
5. Morper MR (1994) Upgrading of activated sludge system for nitrogen removal by application
of the Linpor-CN process. Water Sci Technol 29:167–176
6. Gilligan TP, Morper M (1999) A unique process for upgrading conventional activated sludge
systems for nitrogen removal (online). Paper presented at NE WEA, October 1999, available
from
7. Harvey PJ, Siviter CL (1999) Use of the suspended carrier process to upgrade wastewater
treatment facilities [online]. Available from https://www.purac.net/downloads/articles/1999%
20NZWWA%20Conference%20Paper%Kaldnes_pdf. Accessed on 10 Aug 2003
8. Ødegaard H, Rusten B, Westrum T 1994 A new moving bed biofilm reactor applications and
results. Water Sci Technol 29:157–165
9. Rantanen P, Valve M (2003) A hybrid process for biological phosphorus and nitrogen removalpilot plant experiments [online]. Available from www.vyh.fi/eng/syke/ppd/ws/biorev.htm
10. Dalentoft E, Thulin P 1997 The use of the Kaldnes suspended carrier process in treatment of
wastewaters from the forest industry. Water Sci Technol 35:123–130 https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0273-1223(96)00923-7
11. Lee C-Y (1992) Model for biological reactors having suspended and attached growths. J.
Environ Eng 118(6):982–987
1 Introduction
The detailed experimental study can be conducted both under semi-batch and
continuous mode with synthetic carbonaceous wastewater as well as raw municipal
wastewater. The significance of this experimental studies is to observe the removal
performance of the reactors and hence to validate the experimental data with the
model outputs. It is normally seen that the model output results are within ±10% variation of the experimental outputs. Generally after the experimental validation of the
mathematical model, the process design of hybrid bioreactor should be accomplished
to determine its volume, physical dimension and other operational requirements
including oxygen requirement for any targeted effluent substrate concentration.
For carrying out the experiments in the laboratory, Protein Concentration of the
attached biomass sample can be determined following the Lowrys’ Method [24]
modified by Herbert et al. [25]. The protein concentration is determined to calculate
the biomass density of the attached surface in the hybrid bioreactor. The thickness
of biofilm can be measured in scanning electron microscope (SEM) following the
standard protocols.
The isolation of biomass from both suspended and attached growth can be
performed following the procedures like sterilization, serial dilution, augur plating
and spreading, and finally gram staining. Finally, characterization of above biomass
can be done using 16Sr DNA protocol after PCR analysis.
References
1. Sen D, Randall CW (1994)/1990 Performance of fixed film media integrated in the activated
sludge reactors to enhance nitrogen removal. Water Sci Technol 30:13–24
2. Eckenfelder WW Jr (2000) Industrial water pollution control, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
Singapore
3. Campbell H, Schnell A (2003) Upgrading activated sludge systems using free floating plastic
media[online]. Available from www.hydroxyl.com/papers/waterdown/UpgradeAS.pdf
4. Rutt K, Seda J, Johnson CH (2006) Two years case study of integrated fixed film activated
sludge at Broomfield Co WWTP. Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation, sesson
10, pp 225–239
5. Morper MR (1994) Upgrading of activated sludge system for nitrogen removal by application
of the Linpor-CN process. Water Sci Technol 29:167–176
6. Gilligan TP, Morper M (1999) A unique process for upgrading conventional activated sludge
systems for nitrogen removal (online). Paper presented at NE WEA, October 1999, available
from
7. Harvey PJ, Siviter CL (1999) Use of the suspended carrier process to upgrade wastewater
treatment facilities [online]. Available from https://www.purac.net/downloads/articles/1999%
20NZWWA%20Conference%20Paper%Kaldnes_pdf. Accessed on 10 Aug 2003
8. Ødegaard H, Rusten B, Westrum T 1994 A new moving bed biofilm reactor applications and
results. Water Sci Technol 29:157–165
9. Rantanen P, Valve M (2003) A hybrid process for biological phosphorus and nitrogen removalpilot plant experiments [online]. Available from www.vyh.fi/eng/syke/ppd/ws/biorev.htm
10. Dalentoft E, Thulin P 1997 The use of the Kaldnes suspended carrier process in treatment of
wastewaters from the forest industry. Water Sci Technol 35:123–130 https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0273-1223(96)00923-7
11. Lee C-Y (1992) Model for biological reactors having suspended and attached growths. J.
Environ Eng 118(6):982–987