Fungal Production of Single Cell Oil Using Defatted Oilseed …
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Table 4 Characterization of the fungal isolates grown on medium II
Fungus
(Y L/X ) g/g
Sugar consumed (g/L)
(Y X/C ) g/g
(Y L/C ) g/g
A. niger
0.24 ± 0.03
16.17 ± 1.2
0.55 ± 0.02
0.13 ± 0.01
A. heteromorphus
0.21 ± 0.02
13.25 ± 1.5
0.47 ± 0.01
0.10 ± 0
A. fumigatus
0.22 ± 0.02
15.69 ± 1.0
0.45 ± 0.01
0.10 ± 0
Values are calculated as mean ± SD (n = 3)
Table 5 Proximate composition of defatted seed meal
Seed meal
Carbohydrate (%) Protein (%) Moisture (%) Ash (%)
Fiber (%)
Flaxseed meal
29.78 ± 2.3
28.27 ± 1.7 12.70 ± 2.6
3.2 ± 0.9
6.4 ± 1.7
Mustard meal
18.39 ± 1.8
31.46 ± 3.4
7.2 ± 1.1
8.6 ± 1.0
9.8 ± 1.2
Rice bran meal
47.1 ± 4.1
17.8 ± 1.2
8.3 ± 1.4
11.7 ± 2.1 13.2 ± 2.8
Values are calculated as mean ± SD (n = 3)
bran, which were brought from the local market. Percentages of these compositions
are illustrated in Table 5.
From the proximate analysis experiment, it was observed that defatted flaxseed
meal contained 28.27% protein along with 6.4% fiber, 3.2% ash, and 12.7% moisture contents. Similar result containing 27.78% protein, 7.20% fiber, 3.4% ash, and
10.65% moisture was reported by Gutiérrez et al. (2010). It was observed that deoiled
mustard meal contained high protein (31.46%) and fiber (9.8%). Higher protein
(41.03%), carbohydrate (32.73%), and ash (10.23%) contents, with similar moisture
(8.07%) and fiber (10.63%) contents to our result, were reported by Bandikari et al.
(2017). Deoiled rice bran meal composed of high amount of carbohydrate (47.1%)
and fiber (13.2%) along with 17.8% protein, 11.7% ash, and 8.3% moisture content.
A study reported similar fiber (13.1%) and ash (11.6%) with higher carbohydrate
(61.46%) and lower protein content (13.8%) than our study (Kumari et al. 2018).
3.7 Effect of Seed Meal Supplementation on Lipid Production
Lipid production was measured by adding various concentrations (1, 2, and 3%)
of supplements (deoiled seed meals) to the PD media. It was observed that the oil
production by the fungus increased up to 50–55% than in control media (22–24%),
when supplements were added to the media. The highest SCO production by A. niger
was found to be 55% when 3% deoiled flaxseed meal was added. The biomass, lipid
yield, and productivity of oil by the fungi are given in Table 6. A. heteromorphus
and A. fumigatus showed higher biomass production, respectively, 12.03 g/L and
15.30 g/L and lipid production, respectively, 35.9 and 44.9% in supplemented media.
Mustard meal showed maximum 33–36% lipid production, with the highest
biomass production being 9.43, 9.00, and 15.20 g/L in A. niger, A. heteromorphus,
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Table 4 Characterization of the fungal isolates grown on medium II
Fungus
(Y L/X ) g/g
Sugar consumed (g/L)
(Y X/C ) g/g
(Y L/C ) g/g
A. niger
0.24 ± 0.03
16.17 ± 1.2
0.55 ± 0.02
0.13 ± 0.01
A. heteromorphus
0.21 ± 0.02
13.25 ± 1.5
0.47 ± 0.01
0.10 ± 0
A. fumigatus
0.22 ± 0.02
15.69 ± 1.0
0.45 ± 0.01
0.10 ± 0
Values are calculated as mean ± SD (n = 3)
Table 5 Proximate composition of defatted seed meal
Seed meal
Carbohydrate (%) Protein (%) Moisture (%) Ash (%)
Fiber (%)
Flaxseed meal
29.78 ± 2.3
28.27 ± 1.7 12.70 ± 2.6
3.2 ± 0.9
6.4 ± 1.7
Mustard meal
18.39 ± 1.8
31.46 ± 3.4
7.2 ± 1.1
8.6 ± 1.0
9.8 ± 1.2
Rice bran meal
47.1 ± 4.1
17.8 ± 1.2
8.3 ± 1.4
11.7 ± 2.1 13.2 ± 2.8
Values are calculated as mean ± SD (n = 3)
bran, which were brought from the local market. Percentages of these compositions
are illustrated in Table 5.
From the proximate analysis experiment, it was observed that defatted flaxseed
meal contained 28.27% protein along with 6.4% fiber, 3.2% ash, and 12.7% moisture contents. Similar result containing 27.78% protein, 7.20% fiber, 3.4% ash, and
10.65% moisture was reported by Gutiérrez et al. (2010). It was observed that deoiled
mustard meal contained high protein (31.46%) and fiber (9.8%). Higher protein
(41.03%), carbohydrate (32.73%), and ash (10.23%) contents, with similar moisture
(8.07%) and fiber (10.63%) contents to our result, were reported by Bandikari et al.
(2017). Deoiled rice bran meal composed of high amount of carbohydrate (47.1%)
and fiber (13.2%) along with 17.8% protein, 11.7% ash, and 8.3% moisture content.
A study reported similar fiber (13.1%) and ash (11.6%) with higher carbohydrate
(61.46%) and lower protein content (13.8%) than our study (Kumari et al. 2018).
3.7 Effect of Seed Meal Supplementation on Lipid Production
Lipid production was measured by adding various concentrations (1, 2, and 3%)
of supplements (deoiled seed meals) to the PD media. It was observed that the oil
production by the fungus increased up to 50–55% than in control media (22–24%),
when supplements were added to the media. The highest SCO production by A. niger
was found to be 55% when 3% deoiled flaxseed meal was added. The biomass, lipid
yield, and productivity of oil by the fungi are given in Table 6. A. heteromorphus
and A. fumigatus showed higher biomass production, respectively, 12.03 g/L and
15.30 g/L and lipid production, respectively, 35.9 and 44.9% in supplemented media.
Mustard meal showed maximum 33–36% lipid production, with the highest
biomass production being 9.43, 9.00, and 15.20 g/L in A. niger, A. heteromorphus,