36
K. Sinha et al.
electrical detection of serotonin was demonstrated for the first time in a ZnO nanorod
matrix to the best of our knowledge, where the sensitivity was achieved at a very lower
level. The limit of detection of the proposed biosensor is 1 fM–1 μM, which is suitable
for discriminating the control serum from the case serum at point of collection without
using any additional instrument. The biosensor was highly selective toward serotonin
detection and shows 6.42% sensitivity of serotonin from serum samples. Based on the
sensing principle, a miniaturized device can be developed for serotonin detection in
real biological samples, indicating its real clinical benefits and prospective industrial
potential. In the future, the sensing platform or principle described here in the study
can be extended toward the detection of various molecules in different matrices.
Compliance with Ethical Standards Funding This work was not supported by any grant from
funding agencies.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Research involving Human Participants and/or Animals Ethical approval: All procedures
performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards
of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and
its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
References
Anderson GM (1991) Signal-to-noise optimization of HPLC-fluorometric systems and their
application to the analysis of indoles. Adv Exp Med Biol 294:51–61
Artigas F, Sarrias MJ, Martinez E et al (1985) Serotonin in body fluids: characterization of human
plasmatic and cerebrospinal fluid pools by means of a new HPLC method. Life Sci 37:441–447
Camilleri M (2009) Serotonin in the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes
16:53
Carver CS, Johnson SL, Joormann J (2009) Two-mode models of self-regulation as a tool for
conceptualizing effects of the serotonin system in normal behavior and diverse disorders. Curr
Dir Psychol Sci 18:195–199
Corso CD, Dickherber A, Hunt WD (2008) An investigation of antibody immobilization methods
employing organosilanes on planar ZnO surfaces for biosensor applications. Biosens Bioelectron
24:805–811
Godoy-Reyes TM, Llopis-Lorente A, Costero AM et al (2018) Selective and sensitive colorimetric
detection of the neurotransmitter serotonin based on the aggregation of bifunctionalised gold
nanoparticles. Sens. Actuators B Chem 258:829–835
He RX, Lin P, Liu ZK et al (2012) Solution-gated graphene field-effect transistors integrated in
microfluidic systems and used for flow velocity detection. Nano Lett 12:1404–1409
Huang H, Chen Z, Yan X (2012) Simultaneous determination of serotonin and creatinine in urine
by combining two ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextractions with on-column stacking
in capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 35:436–444
Kema IP, De Vries EGE, Muskiet F (2000) Clinical chemistry of serotonin and metabolites. J
Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 747:33–48
Lacasse JR, Leo J (2005) Serotonin and depression: a disconnect between the advertisements and
the scientific literature. PLoS Med 2:392
K. Sinha et al.
electrical detection of serotonin was demonstrated for the first time in a ZnO nanorod
matrix to the best of our knowledge, where the sensitivity was achieved at a very lower
level. The limit of detection of the proposed biosensor is 1 fM–1 μM, which is suitable
for discriminating the control serum from the case serum at point of collection without
using any additional instrument. The biosensor was highly selective toward serotonin
detection and shows 6.42% sensitivity of serotonin from serum samples. Based on the
sensing principle, a miniaturized device can be developed for serotonin detection in
real biological samples, indicating its real clinical benefits and prospective industrial
potential. In the future, the sensing platform or principle described here in the study
can be extended toward the detection of various molecules in different matrices.
Compliance with Ethical Standards Funding This work was not supported by any grant from
funding agencies.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Research involving Human Participants and/or Animals Ethical approval: All procedures
performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards
of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and
its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
References
Anderson GM (1991) Signal-to-noise optimization of HPLC-fluorometric systems and their
application to the analysis of indoles. Adv Exp Med Biol 294:51–61
Artigas F, Sarrias MJ, Martinez E et al (1985) Serotonin in body fluids: characterization of human
plasmatic and cerebrospinal fluid pools by means of a new HPLC method. Life Sci 37:441–447
Camilleri M (2009) Serotonin in the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes
16:53
Carver CS, Johnson SL, Joormann J (2009) Two-mode models of self-regulation as a tool for
conceptualizing effects of the serotonin system in normal behavior and diverse disorders. Curr
Dir Psychol Sci 18:195–199
Corso CD, Dickherber A, Hunt WD (2008) An investigation of antibody immobilization methods
employing organosilanes on planar ZnO surfaces for biosensor applications. Biosens Bioelectron
24:805–811
Godoy-Reyes TM, Llopis-Lorente A, Costero AM et al (2018) Selective and sensitive colorimetric
detection of the neurotransmitter serotonin based on the aggregation of bifunctionalised gold
nanoparticles. Sens. Actuators B Chem 258:829–835
He RX, Lin P, Liu ZK et al (2012) Solution-gated graphene field-effect transistors integrated in
microfluidic systems and used for flow velocity detection. Nano Lett 12:1404–1409
Huang H, Chen Z, Yan X (2012) Simultaneous determination of serotonin and creatinine in urine
by combining two ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextractions with on-column stacking
in capillary electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 35:436–444
Kema IP, De Vries EGE, Muskiet F (2000) Clinical chemistry of serotonin and metabolites. J
Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 747:33–48
Lacasse JR, Leo J (2005) Serotonin and depression: a disconnect between the advertisements and
the scientific literature. PLoS Med 2:392