Optimization of TiO 2 –KMnO 4 Composites with Natural Dyes for …
403
Table 1 Tabulated form of photovoltaic parameters of DSSCs with different wt% of KMnO 4 in
KMnO 4 –TiO 2 composite thin layer
Materials for
photoanode
V oc (V)
J sc (mA cm −2 )
FF (%)
Efficiency
(%)
P max (mW)
Pure TiO 2
0.39
0.007
10.78
0.006
0.000166
KMnO 4 –TiO 2 2 wt%
0.69
0.364
14.63
0.736
0.018427
KMnO 4 –TiO 2 6 wt%
0.37
1.437
15.36
1.633
0.040843
KMnO 4 –TiO 2 10 wt%
0.39
1.685
15.57
2.047
0.051192
The active area of all the cells was 0.5 cm 2
lower direction. Simultaneously, suitable doping increases the power output. It was
also observed that heavy doping leads to the metallic property of the composite thin
film which resulting in leakage formation. The optimized KMnO 4 10 wt% in TiO 2
thin film based DSSC reaches the current density maximum. This cell also reaches
maximum FF and PCE due to the highest amount of electron-hole generation in TiO 2
matrix. It was noted that due to the leakage problem, further increasing of KMnO 4
amount minimizes the efficiency of the fabricated cell. This electronic phenomenon
of KMnO 4 –TiO 2 compact layer will open new interests and opportunities in the field
of solar cell technology. Further modification of the counter electrode with platinum
is in progress to extract better performance of the DSSC.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants funded by the Department of
Science and Technology (DST) under the Scheme “Innovation, Technology Development and
Deployment” Central, Government of India through Mission Innovation Programme DST
(DST/TMD(EWO)/IC5-2018/06(G)).
References
Hasan M, Haseeb A, Saidur R, Masjuki H, Hamdi M (2010) Influence of substrate and annealing
temperatures on optical properties of RF-sputtered TiO 2 thin film. Opt Mater 32:690–695. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2009.07.011
Ludin N, Mahmoud A, Mohamad A (2014) Review on the development of natural dye photosensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cells. Renew Sust Energy Rev 31:386–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.rser.2013.12.001
Mai L, Huang C, Wang D, Zhang Z, Wang Y (2009) Effect of C doping on the structural and optical
properties of sol-gel TiO 2 thin films. Appl Surf Sci 255:9285–9289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aps
usc.2009.07.027
Moyez A, Roy S (2018) Dual-step thermal engineering technique: a new approach for fabrication
of efficient CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 -based perovskite solar cell in open air condition. Sol Energy Mater Sol
Cells 185:145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2018.05.027
Nair V, Balakrishnan A, Subramanian K, Anu A, Asha A, Deepika B (2012) Effect of TiO 2 nanotube
length and lateral tubular spacing on photovoltaic properties of back illuminated dye sensitized
solar cell. Bull Mater Sci 35:489–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-012-0323-5
403
Table 1 Tabulated form of photovoltaic parameters of DSSCs with different wt% of KMnO 4 in
KMnO 4 –TiO 2 composite thin layer
Materials for
photoanode
V oc (V)
J sc (mA cm −2 )
FF (%)
Efficiency
(%)
P max (mW)
Pure TiO 2
0.39
0.007
10.78
0.006
0.000166
KMnO 4 –TiO 2 2 wt%
0.69
0.364
14.63
0.736
0.018427
KMnO 4 –TiO 2 6 wt%
0.37
1.437
15.36
1.633
0.040843
KMnO 4 –TiO 2 10 wt%
0.39
1.685
15.57
2.047
0.051192
The active area of all the cells was 0.5 cm 2
lower direction. Simultaneously, suitable doping increases the power output. It was
also observed that heavy doping leads to the metallic property of the composite thin
film which resulting in leakage formation. The optimized KMnO 4 10 wt% in TiO 2
thin film based DSSC reaches the current density maximum. This cell also reaches
maximum FF and PCE due to the highest amount of electron-hole generation in TiO 2
matrix. It was noted that due to the leakage problem, further increasing of KMnO 4
amount minimizes the efficiency of the fabricated cell. This electronic phenomenon
of KMnO 4 –TiO 2 compact layer will open new interests and opportunities in the field
of solar cell technology. Further modification of the counter electrode with platinum
is in progress to extract better performance of the DSSC.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants funded by the Department of
Science and Technology (DST) under the Scheme “Innovation, Technology Development and
Deployment” Central, Government of India through Mission Innovation Programme DST
(DST/TMD(EWO)/IC5-2018/06(G)).
References
Hasan M, Haseeb A, Saidur R, Masjuki H, Hamdi M (2010) Influence of substrate and annealing
temperatures on optical properties of RF-sputtered TiO 2 thin film. Opt Mater 32:690–695. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2009.07.011
Ludin N, Mahmoud A, Mohamad A (2014) Review on the development of natural dye photosensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cells. Renew Sust Energy Rev 31:386–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.rser.2013.12.001
Mai L, Huang C, Wang D, Zhang Z, Wang Y (2009) Effect of C doping on the structural and optical
properties of sol-gel TiO 2 thin films. Appl Surf Sci 255:9285–9289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aps
usc.2009.07.027
Moyez A, Roy S (2018) Dual-step thermal engineering technique: a new approach for fabrication
of efficient CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 -based perovskite solar cell in open air condition. Sol Energy Mater Sol
Cells 185:145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2018.05.027
Nair V, Balakrishnan A, Subramanian K, Anu A, Asha A, Deepika B (2012) Effect of TiO 2 nanotube
length and lateral tubular spacing on photovoltaic properties of back illuminated dye sensitized
solar cell. Bull Mater Sci 35:489–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12034-012-0323-5