Recent Advances in the Analysis, Measurement, and Properties …
215
6. In the test with the 1.36 cm thick panel (Test 2), the temperature rise during the
test indicates that if the initial temperature was less than 22°C, the sample may
have met the temperature requirement. As the results, the required thickness of
S-S CMF panel for full-scale torch fire testing to address all requirements of 49
CFR 179, Appendix B must be in the range of 14–15 mm.
7. The presence of air within S-S CMF porosities acts as an insulator, which is
similar to other insulating foams such as styrofoam, insulating foam boards and
spray foams.
8. This research indicates that one of the potential applications of lightweight S-S
CMF can be in tank cars carrying hazardous materials and replacing conventional structural steel with demonstrated benefits of excellent thermal insulation, fire resistance, low weight along with its established energy absorption
capabilities.
9. To complete the full-scale test requirements of CFR Part 179 App. B, panels of
122 × 122 cm dimensions will need to be tested against the torch fire exposure
in duplicate.
10. Future studies consider measurement of surface emissivity of S-S CMF at higher
temperatures to evaluate the percentage of the torch fire absorbed by the material.
Acknowledgements This study is part of a project funded by the Department of Transportation (DOT) Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) project number
DTPH5616C00001.
References
1. https://www.aar.org/article/freight-rail-hazmat-regulations
2. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42548824
3. http://digital.vpr.net/post/2-years-after-lac-m-gantic-disaster-focus-settlement-funds-and-reb
uilding#stream/0
4. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/49/179.202-13
5. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/49/179.18
6. Rabiei A (2015) “Composite metal foam and methods of preparation thereof.,” US9208912 B2
7. Marx J, Rabiei A (2017) Overview of composite metal foams and their properties and
performance. Adv Eng Mater 19(11):1600776. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201600776
8. Chen S, Marx J, Rabiei A (2016) Experimental and computational studies on the thermal
behavior and fire retardant properties of composite metal foams. Int J Therm Sci 106:70–79
9. Neville BP, Rabiei A (2008) Composite metal foams processed through powder metallurgy.
Mater Des 29(2):388–396
10. Rabiei A, Garcia-Avila M (2013) Effect of various parameters on properties of composite steel
foams under variety of loading rates. Mater Sci Eng, A 564:539–547
11. Alvandi-Tabrizi Y, Whisler DA, Kim H, Rabiei A (2015) High strain rate behavior of composite
metal foams. Mater Sci Eng, A 631:248–257
12. Garcia-Avila M, Portanova M, Rabiei A (2015) Ballistic performance of composite metal
foams. Compos Struct 125:202–211
13. Marx J, Portanova M, Rabiei A (2018) A study on blast and fragment resistance of composite
metal foams through experimental and modeling approaches. Compos Struct 194:652–661
215
6. In the test with the 1.36 cm thick panel (Test 2), the temperature rise during the
test indicates that if the initial temperature was less than 22°C, the sample may
have met the temperature requirement. As the results, the required thickness of
S-S CMF panel for full-scale torch fire testing to address all requirements of 49
CFR 179, Appendix B must be in the range of 14–15 mm.
7. The presence of air within S-S CMF porosities acts as an insulator, which is
similar to other insulating foams such as styrofoam, insulating foam boards and
spray foams.
8. This research indicates that one of the potential applications of lightweight S-S
CMF can be in tank cars carrying hazardous materials and replacing conventional structural steel with demonstrated benefits of excellent thermal insulation, fire resistance, low weight along with its established energy absorption
capabilities.
9. To complete the full-scale test requirements of CFR Part 179 App. B, panels of
122 × 122 cm dimensions will need to be tested against the torch fire exposure
in duplicate.
10. Future studies consider measurement of surface emissivity of S-S CMF at higher
temperatures to evaluate the percentage of the torch fire absorbed by the material.
Acknowledgements This study is part of a project funded by the Department of Transportation (DOT) Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) project number
DTPH5616C00001.
References
1. https://www.aar.org/article/freight-rail-hazmat-regulations
2. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42548824
3. http://digital.vpr.net/post/2-years-after-lac-m-gantic-disaster-focus-settlement-funds-and-reb
uilding#stream/0
4. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/49/179.202-13
5. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/49/179.18
6. Rabiei A (2015) “Composite metal foam and methods of preparation thereof.,” US9208912 B2
7. Marx J, Rabiei A (2017) Overview of composite metal foams and their properties and
performance. Adv Eng Mater 19(11):1600776. https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201600776
8. Chen S, Marx J, Rabiei A (2016) Experimental and computational studies on the thermal
behavior and fire retardant properties of composite metal foams. Int J Therm Sci 106:70–79
9. Neville BP, Rabiei A (2008) Composite metal foams processed through powder metallurgy.
Mater Des 29(2):388–396
10. Rabiei A, Garcia-Avila M (2013) Effect of various parameters on properties of composite steel
foams under variety of loading rates. Mater Sci Eng, A 564:539–547
11. Alvandi-Tabrizi Y, Whisler DA, Kim H, Rabiei A (2015) High strain rate behavior of composite
metal foams. Mater Sci Eng, A 631:248–257
12. Garcia-Avila M, Portanova M, Rabiei A (2015) Ballistic performance of composite metal
foams. Compos Struct 125:202–211
13. Marx J, Portanova M, Rabiei A (2018) A study on blast and fragment resistance of composite
metal foams through experimental and modeling approaches. Compos Struct 194:652–661