Basis of Digital Twins for process optimization”, which is also in this book series are
mainly based on the definition given by El Saddik [3]:
Digital twins are (. . .) digital replications of living as well as non-living entities that enable
data to be seamlessly transmitted between the physical and virtual worlds.
For further explanations refer to Chapter: Moser, Appl, Brüning, Hass “Mechanistic Mathematical Models as a Basis of Digital Twins for process optimization”,
which is also in this book series.
This chapter covers Digital Twins for the development, optimisation and realisation or implementation of bioprocess control strategies on a real process that
correspond to the Digital Twin definition given by El Saddik [3], as well as operator
training simulators (OTSs), which are considered by the authors to be “early-stage”
Digital Twins. Although OTSs are mainly used for training purposes, they also offer
enormous potential for bioprocess development, similarly to Digital Twins. OTSs
are usually adapted to the real process during development or when there are
significant changes in the real process.
In the last section of this chapter, a case study is presented where an “early-stage”
Digital Twin was used to develop process control strategies for the fed-batch
cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) in a stirred tank reactor
(STR).
2 Advanced Bioprocess Control Development, Realisation
and Optimisation Using Digital Twins
Initial approaches for the application of Digital Twins as a tool for control strategy
development have been successfully established in the chemical industry [4–7]. Due
to the recognised potential, the application of Digital Twins as a tool for the
development of control strategies is also gaining increasing interest for bioprocesses.
Within this chapter, the suitability of Digital Twins for the development, optimisation and realisation of bioprocess control strategies will be highlighted. First, the
general approach when using Digital Twins for the development of control strategies
is outlined. Subsequently, the requirements that Digital Twins must fulfil to be used
as a tool for the development of control strategies and which challenges control
engineering must overcome in the case of bioprocess control are described. Finally,
in the presented case study, application examples for the utilisation of Digital Twins
for bioprocess control strategy development are described.
2.1 General Approach
In the author’s opinion, the quality of Digital Twins is of utmost importance for the
development of control and automation strategies [8]. The basis of applicable Digital
66
C. Appl et al.
mainly based on the definition given by El Saddik [3]:
Digital twins are (. . .) digital replications of living as well as non-living entities that enable
data to be seamlessly transmitted between the physical and virtual worlds.
For further explanations refer to Chapter: Moser, Appl, Brüning, Hass “Mechanistic Mathematical Models as a Basis of Digital Twins for process optimization”,
which is also in this book series.
This chapter covers Digital Twins for the development, optimisation and realisation or implementation of bioprocess control strategies on a real process that
correspond to the Digital Twin definition given by El Saddik [3], as well as operator
training simulators (OTSs), which are considered by the authors to be “early-stage”
Digital Twins. Although OTSs are mainly used for training purposes, they also offer
enormous potential for bioprocess development, similarly to Digital Twins. OTSs
are usually adapted to the real process during development or when there are
significant changes in the real process.
In the last section of this chapter, a case study is presented where an “early-stage”
Digital Twin was used to develop process control strategies for the fed-batch
cultivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) in a stirred tank reactor
(STR).
2 Advanced Bioprocess Control Development, Realisation
and Optimisation Using Digital Twins
Initial approaches for the application of Digital Twins as a tool for control strategy
development have been successfully established in the chemical industry [4–7]. Due
to the recognised potential, the application of Digital Twins as a tool for the
development of control strategies is also gaining increasing interest for bioprocesses.
Within this chapter, the suitability of Digital Twins for the development, optimisation and realisation of bioprocess control strategies will be highlighted. First, the
general approach when using Digital Twins for the development of control strategies
is outlined. Subsequently, the requirements that Digital Twins must fulfil to be used
as a tool for the development of control strategies and which challenges control
engineering must overcome in the case of bioprocess control are described. Finally,
in the presented case study, application examples for the utilisation of Digital Twins
for bioprocess control strategy development are described.
2.1 General Approach
In the author’s opinion, the quality of Digital Twins is of utmost importance for the
development of control and automation strategies [8]. The basis of applicable Digital
66
C. Appl et al.