4.2 Process Standardization
Given that a DTMS can be local or global, it is essential to identify and list all its
relevant components. Typically, this process analysis includes a complex mix of
various companies, plants, process types, equipment designs, connectors, and sensors. This section outlines how this heterogeneity can be standardized. First, this
study helps to achieve a general application of the various processes into a DTMS.
Second, an appropriate standard of communication must be established in all
associated processes. The ISO offers suitable standards that are regularly updated.
It is necessary to identify what processes will be implemented into the DTMS (see
Sect. 3.4).
The main focus is on the process type. The ANSI/ISA-88 (or S88, SP88) covers
batch processes and contains four interdependent parts. The IEC and national
standardization organizations have published corresponding versions (e.g., IEC
61512-1 and DIN 61512) [54, 55]. The ISA-88 shows the possibilities of structuring
procedural systems and equipment in levels. A level organization helps in greater
flexibility and increased performance of the considered batch process. Part 1 [21]
includes the terminology as well as the definitions of the entire production process
and its modeling possibilities. Part 2 includes the structures of data and key communication [31] (see also Sect. 3.3). Part 3 [32] treats product recipe models and
their method of definition. Part 4 [33] comprises the recording of batch production.
Other standards belonging to the ISA-88 explain the implementation (e.g., packaging equipment), as well as recipe formats, and are also useful for developing DTMS
[41, 56].
For a DTMS’s basic construction and architecture, part 1 is the most critical
standard for batch processes. The physical model can be derived from this standard.
This model represents the physical structure and the essential connections of the
DTMS. Hierarchical levels create a structure that forms the entire production
process. From top to bottom, the physical model grows holistically – groups of
production parts in a lower hierarchy form a part of the subsequent higher level.
Thus, the entire production process is illustrated, and a logic structure of relevant
processes with the corresponding subgroups emerges. Any DT can be derived from
the emerging modeled structures; that is, each part of a hierarchy can also represent
its own DT.
Furthermore, virtual relations, which lead to the data model, are based on the
physical model. The physical model illustrates the rigid interrelations of batch
production. Figure 9 gives an overview of the selected terminology and levels of
the ISA-88, the assignment to specific physical production components, and the
adaption in a DTMS.
Following Fig. 9, the structure and process-related architecture of the DTMS can
be derived. The linkages between distinct DTs must be defined. For example, the
link between the two DTs is achieved through pipes or conveyor belts. If there are
valves that can monitor and record the time (e.g., timestamp of valve switching), the
batches are trackable and traceable.
144
R. Werner et al.
Given that a DTMS can be local or global, it is essential to identify and list all its
relevant components. Typically, this process analysis includes a complex mix of
various companies, plants, process types, equipment designs, connectors, and sensors. This section outlines how this heterogeneity can be standardized. First, this
study helps to achieve a general application of the various processes into a DTMS.
Second, an appropriate standard of communication must be established in all
associated processes. The ISO offers suitable standards that are regularly updated.
It is necessary to identify what processes will be implemented into the DTMS (see
Sect. 3.4).
The main focus is on the process type. The ANSI/ISA-88 (or S88, SP88) covers
batch processes and contains four interdependent parts. The IEC and national
standardization organizations have published corresponding versions (e.g., IEC
61512-1 and DIN 61512) [54, 55]. The ISA-88 shows the possibilities of structuring
procedural systems and equipment in levels. A level organization helps in greater
flexibility and increased performance of the considered batch process. Part 1 [21]
includes the terminology as well as the definitions of the entire production process
and its modeling possibilities. Part 2 includes the structures of data and key communication [31] (see also Sect. 3.3). Part 3 [32] treats product recipe models and
their method of definition. Part 4 [33] comprises the recording of batch production.
Other standards belonging to the ISA-88 explain the implementation (e.g., packaging equipment), as well as recipe formats, and are also useful for developing DTMS
[41, 56].
For a DTMS’s basic construction and architecture, part 1 is the most critical
standard for batch processes. The physical model can be derived from this standard.
This model represents the physical structure and the essential connections of the
DTMS. Hierarchical levels create a structure that forms the entire production
process. From top to bottom, the physical model grows holistically – groups of
production parts in a lower hierarchy form a part of the subsequent higher level.
Thus, the entire production process is illustrated, and a logic structure of relevant
processes with the corresponding subgroups emerges. Any DT can be derived from
the emerging modeled structures; that is, each part of a hierarchy can also represent
its own DT.
Furthermore, virtual relations, which lead to the data model, are based on the
physical model. The physical model illustrates the rigid interrelations of batch
production. Figure 9 gives an overview of the selected terminology and levels of
the ISA-88, the assignment to specific physical production components, and the
adaption in a DTMS.
Following Fig. 9, the structure and process-related architecture of the DTMS can
be derived. The linkages between distinct DTs must be defined. For example, the
link between the two DTs is achieved through pipes or conveyor belts. If there are
valves that can monitor and record the time (e.g., timestamp of valve switching), the
batches are trackable and traceable.
144
R. Werner et al.