Contents
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10.5.6 Exfoliation of Suspended Particles with Bipolar
Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
10.6 Molten Salt Electrolysis Methods for the Synthesis
of Nanostructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
10.6.1 Carbon Nanostructures Prepared from Graphitic
Cathode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
10.6.2 Electrolytic Preparation of Filled Nanotubes . . . . . . . . . 354
10.6.3 Carbon Nanostructures Obtained by CO 2
Reduction in Molten Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
11 Templated Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
11.1 Definition and Classification of Template Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
11.2 Nanochannel Templates Obtained with Top-Down
Synthesis Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
11.2.1 Comparison of the Templates Suitable
for Electrodeposition of Nanowires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
11.2.2 Deposition into Nanochannel Templates:
Electrochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
11.2.3 Electrodeposition into Nanocavities of High
Aspect Ratio: Models and Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
11.2.4 Electrodeposited Homogeneous Metallic
Nanowires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
11.2.5 Electrodeposited Non-metallic Nanowires . . . . . . . . . . . 371
11.2.6 Electrodeposition of Compositionally Modulated
Nanowires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
11.2.7 Miscellaneous Properties of Nanowires . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
11.2.8 Metallic Nanotubes Obtained
by Electrodeposition into Nanochannel
Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
11.2.9 Templates Prepared from Diblock Copolymers . . . . . . . 383
11.2.10 Templates Obtained from Directionally
Solidified Fibrous Eutectic Metallic Systems . . . . . . . . 386
11.3 Templates Obtained Through the Self-assembly of Particles . . . . 388
11.3.1 Template Preparation from Uniform Solid
Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
11.3.2 Electrodeposition of Metals into Particulate
Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
11.3.3 Electrodeposition of Non-metallic Materials
into Particulate Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
11.3.4 The Double-Templating Method Based
on Nanosphere Lithography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
11.4 Soft Templates Formed by Molecular Self-assembly
Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400