V
Vacuum drying, 331
Vacuum filtration, 491
Vacuum flotation, 341
van’t Hoff-Arrhenius equation, 97
Vapor, 9
Varroa destructor, 25
Varroa-sensitive hygiene (VSH) trait, 4, 32, 33
Vectors, 491
definition, 389
environmental control, 408
houseflies, 399
mosquito, 399
pathogenic worms, 389
pesticides, 389, 393
and pests, 389
rat, 399
Vegetable oil refining
bleaching, 331, 332
chemical, 328
degumming, 330
deodorization, 332
environment (see Environment impacts)
filtration, 331, 332
flow diagram, 329
hardening, 332
neutralization, 330, 331
physical, 328, 329
processing steps, 328
wastewater, 333
Vegetable oils, 327, 491
process chart, 327
Velz model, 127, 128
Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP), 491
Ventilation, filter, 134
Vitrification, 304
Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), 473, 491
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 327, 355
Volatile solids, 491
Volatile suspended solids (VSS), 96, 339
Volcano, 491
Vulnerability, 491
W
Warning, 491
Waste activated sludge (WAS), 425, 492
Waste disposal, 492
Waste management, 492
Waste treatment process, 378
Wastewater, 492
Wastewater biology, 412
Wastewater generation, 333
Wastewater prevention, 338
Wastewater renovation, 69, 492
Wastewater sources, 333
Wastewater treatment, 413, 415
analysis, 360, 362, 363
biological treatment, 344, 366
aerobic, 344–346
anaerobic, 346–349
coagulation/flocculation, 352
membrane filtration, 350, 351
membrane fouling, 352
caustic neutralization, 363, 364
chemical treatment, 339, 365
coagulation and flocculation, 343, 344
DAF, 341
dewatering process, 366
electroflotation, 342
flotation, 340
IAF, 341
oil traps, 340
physical treatment, 363, 364
physicochemical, 339
primary, 339
secondary, 339
sludge removal, 366
vacuum flotation, 341
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), 416
Watch, 492
Water Environment Federation (WEF),
415–417, 419
Water pollution, 232
Water pollution control, 289–292
Water quality, 54, 492
Water quality management, 492
Water reclamation, 492
Water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs),
412, 416, 417
Water resources, 54, 492
aquatic environment, thermal impacts,
283–285, 287
lakes, pollution, 275–279, 281, 282
life on earth, 234, 235
protection, 492
runoff
calculations, 259, 261
flood, 262
flood routing, 257
freshwater, 251
ground water, 251
rational method, 254, 255
ripple method, 264
storm flow, 256
time factor, 253
Index
511
Vacuum drying, 331
Vacuum filtration, 491
Vacuum flotation, 341
van’t Hoff-Arrhenius equation, 97
Vapor, 9
Varroa destructor, 25
Varroa-sensitive hygiene (VSH) trait, 4, 32, 33
Vectors, 491
definition, 389
environmental control, 408
houseflies, 399
mosquito, 399
pathogenic worms, 389
pesticides, 389, 393
and pests, 389
rat, 399
Vegetable oil refining
bleaching, 331, 332
chemical, 328
degumming, 330
deodorization, 332
environment (see Environment impacts)
filtration, 331, 332
flow diagram, 329
hardening, 332
neutralization, 330, 331
physical, 328, 329
processing steps, 328
wastewater, 333
Vegetable oils, 327, 491
process chart, 327
Velz model, 127, 128
Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP), 491
Ventilation, filter, 134
Vitrification, 304
Volatile fatty acids (VFAs), 473, 491
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 327, 355
Volatile solids, 491
Volatile suspended solids (VSS), 96, 339
Volcano, 491
Vulnerability, 491
W
Warning, 491
Waste activated sludge (WAS), 425, 492
Waste disposal, 492
Waste management, 492
Waste treatment process, 378
Wastewater, 492
Wastewater biology, 412
Wastewater generation, 333
Wastewater prevention, 338
Wastewater renovation, 69, 492
Wastewater sources, 333
Wastewater treatment, 413, 415
analysis, 360, 362, 363
biological treatment, 344, 366
aerobic, 344–346
anaerobic, 346–349
coagulation/flocculation, 352
membrane filtration, 350, 351
membrane fouling, 352
caustic neutralization, 363, 364
chemical treatment, 339, 365
coagulation and flocculation, 343, 344
DAF, 341
dewatering process, 366
electroflotation, 342
flotation, 340
IAF, 341
oil traps, 340
physical treatment, 363, 364
physicochemical, 339
primary, 339
secondary, 339
sludge removal, 366
vacuum flotation, 341
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), 416
Watch, 492
Water Environment Federation (WEF),
415–417, 419
Water pollution, 232
Water pollution control, 289–292
Water quality, 54, 492
Water quality management, 492
Water reclamation, 492
Water resource recovery facilities (WRRFs),
412, 416, 417
Water resources, 54, 492
aquatic environment, thermal impacts,
283–285, 287
lakes, pollution, 275–279, 281, 282
life on earth, 234, 235
protection, 492
runoff
calculations, 259, 261
flood, 262
flood routing, 257
freshwater, 251
ground water, 251
rational method, 254, 255
ripple method, 264
storm flow, 256
time factor, 253
Index
511