strength, analyzing a comprehensive range of sample types, and giving users a
choice between including or excluding specular reflectance to account for geometric attributes. Full spectrum analysis also provides for greater specificity,
potentially identifying color differences missed by colorimeters.
Spoils, dredging It is the name applied to both beneficial and nonbeneficial
discharged dredged material—also referred to as discharge, fill, or deposit.
Spuds, dredge They are large steel cylinders located at the end of the dredge
ranging from 20
0 (6 m) to 100
0 (30 m) in height. Spuds hold the dredge in place
during operation and are used to advance the dredge by “walking” it forward.
Standard solution A solution containing a known concentration of analytes, prepared and verified by a prescribed method or procedure and used routinely in an
analytical method.
Storm sewer A separate pipe, conduit, or open channel (sewer) that carries runoff
from storms, surface drainage, and street wash, but does not include domestic and
industrial wastes.
Storm surge An abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a hurricane or other
intense storm, whose height is the difference between the observed level of the
sea surface and the level that would have occurred in the absence of the cyclone.
Stratosphere Region of the atmosphere between the troposphere and mesosphere,
having a lower boundary of approximately 8 km at the poles to 15 km at the
equator and an upper boundary of approximately 50 km. Depending upon latitude
and season, the temperature in the lower stratosphere can increase, be isothermal,
or even decrease with altitude, but the temperature in the upper stratosphere
generally increases with height due to absorption of solar radiation by ozone.
Streamflow The volume of water that moves over a designated point over a fixed
period of time. It is often expressed as cubic feet per second (ft3/sec).
Structural elements Any component of the building whose primary function is to
support the dead load (e.g., building, roof).
Structured Query Language (SQL) It is a syntax for defining and manipulating
data from a relational database. Developed by IBM in the 1970s, it has become an
industry standard for query languages in most relational database management
systems.
Struvite It is magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgNH 4 PO 4 (H 2 O) 6 ). Struvite
forms hard, very insoluble, white, yellowish-white, or brownish-white crystals.
Subnatant The water or liquid remaining below a floated sludge (float) after
flotation.
Subsiding/subsidence The downward settling of the Earth’s crust relative to its
surroundings.
Substrate The food or chemical substance on which organisms depend for growth.
The organic matter in wastewater (as measured by the BOD 5 test) is a substrate
for the microorganisms in a biological process. For instance, in biological phosphorus removal systems, volatile fatty acids are a readily available substrate used
by phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs).
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M.-H. S. Wang and L. K. Wang
choice between including or excluding specular reflectance to account for geometric attributes. Full spectrum analysis also provides for greater specificity,
potentially identifying color differences missed by colorimeters.
Spoils, dredging It is the name applied to both beneficial and nonbeneficial
discharged dredged material—also referred to as discharge, fill, or deposit.
Spuds, dredge They are large steel cylinders located at the end of the dredge
ranging from 20
0 (6 m) to 100
0 (30 m) in height. Spuds hold the dredge in place
during operation and are used to advance the dredge by “walking” it forward.
Standard solution A solution containing a known concentration of analytes, prepared and verified by a prescribed method or procedure and used routinely in an
analytical method.
Storm sewer A separate pipe, conduit, or open channel (sewer) that carries runoff
from storms, surface drainage, and street wash, but does not include domestic and
industrial wastes.
Storm surge An abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a hurricane or other
intense storm, whose height is the difference between the observed level of the
sea surface and the level that would have occurred in the absence of the cyclone.
Stratosphere Region of the atmosphere between the troposphere and mesosphere,
having a lower boundary of approximately 8 km at the poles to 15 km at the
equator and an upper boundary of approximately 50 km. Depending upon latitude
and season, the temperature in the lower stratosphere can increase, be isothermal,
or even decrease with altitude, but the temperature in the upper stratosphere
generally increases with height due to absorption of solar radiation by ozone.
Streamflow The volume of water that moves over a designated point over a fixed
period of time. It is often expressed as cubic feet per second (ft3/sec).
Structural elements Any component of the building whose primary function is to
support the dead load (e.g., building, roof).
Structured Query Language (SQL) It is a syntax for defining and manipulating
data from a relational database. Developed by IBM in the 1970s, it has become an
industry standard for query languages in most relational database management
systems.
Struvite It is magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgNH 4 PO 4 (H 2 O) 6 ). Struvite
forms hard, very insoluble, white, yellowish-white, or brownish-white crystals.
Subnatant The water or liquid remaining below a floated sludge (float) after
flotation.
Subsiding/subsidence The downward settling of the Earth’s crust relative to its
surroundings.
Substrate The food or chemical substance on which organisms depend for growth.
The organic matter in wastewater (as measured by the BOD 5 test) is a substrate
for the microorganisms in a biological process. For instance, in biological phosphorus removal systems, volatile fatty acids are a readily available substrate used
by phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs).
486
M.-H. S. Wang and L. K. Wang