Chapter 7
Advances in Cadmium Detoxification/
Stabilization by Sintering with Ceramic
Matrices
Minhua Su, Kaimin Shih, and Diyun Chen
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
1.1 Cadmium Pollution and Control Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
1.2 Thermal Stabilization Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
1.3 Ceramic Matrices for Cadmium Detoxification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
1.4 XRD-Based Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
1.5 Leaching Tests for Evaluating Metal Stabilization Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
2 Experimental Methods . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 310
2.1 Materials and Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
2.2 Cadmium Incorporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
2.3 Qualitative and Quantitative XRD Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
2.4 Stabilization Effect Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
3.1 Crystalline Product Formation for Cadmium Detoxification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
3.2 Evaluation of Metal Stabilization Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is often found in industrial sludge, fly ash, slag, and flue
gas, and it presents serious risks to the environment and biota. Stabilizing and
detoxifying Cd in waste streams is thus of great importance. The use of various
low-cost and attainable ceramic matrices (amorphous SiO 2 , γ-Al 2 O 3 , α-Fe 2 O 3 , and
Fe 3 O 4 ) to interact with Cd-containing waste is a promising method of Cd stabilization. Heating mixtures of cadmium oxide (CdO) and ceramic matrices at various
molar ratios and temperatures (600–1000
C) for 3 h could achieve the goal of Cd
M. Su (*) · D. Chen
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
e-mail: mhsu@gzhu.edu.cn; cdy@gzhu.edu.cn
K. Shih
Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
e-mail: kshih@hku.hk
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
L. K. Wang, M. -H. S. Wang, Y. -T. Hung, N. K. Shammas (eds.),
Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Handbook of Environmental
Engineering 19, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54626-7_7
299
Advances in Cadmium Detoxification/
Stabilization by Sintering with Ceramic
Matrices
Minhua Su, Kaimin Shih, and Diyun Chen
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
1.1 Cadmium Pollution and Control Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
1.2 Thermal Stabilization Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
1.3 Ceramic Matrices for Cadmium Detoxification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
1.4 XRD-Based Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
1.5 Leaching Tests for Evaluating Metal Stabilization Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
2 Experimental Methods . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 310
2.1 Materials and Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
2.2 Cadmium Incorporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
2.3 Qualitative and Quantitative XRD Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
2.4 Stabilization Effect Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
3 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
3.1 Crystalline Product Formation for Cadmium Detoxification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
3.2 Evaluation of Metal Stabilization Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Abstract Cadmium (Cd) is often found in industrial sludge, fly ash, slag, and flue
gas, and it presents serious risks to the environment and biota. Stabilizing and
detoxifying Cd in waste streams is thus of great importance. The use of various
low-cost and attainable ceramic matrices (amorphous SiO 2 , γ-Al 2 O 3 , α-Fe 2 O 3 , and
Fe 3 O 4 ) to interact with Cd-containing waste is a promising method of Cd stabilization. Heating mixtures of cadmium oxide (CdO) and ceramic matrices at various
molar ratios and temperatures (600–1000
C) for 3 h could achieve the goal of Cd
M. Su (*) · D. Chen
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
e-mail: mhsu@gzhu.edu.cn; cdy@gzhu.edu.cn
K. Shih
Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
e-mail: kshih@hku.hk
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
L. K. Wang, M. -H. S. Wang, Y. -T. Hung, N. K. Shammas (eds.),
Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Handbook of Environmental
Engineering 19, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54626-7_7
299