mixed with mixed liquor for adsorption reactions. The spent PAC again is
recovered or removed by a subsequent clarifier (either sedimentation clarifier or
flotation clarifier). When PAC is used in conjunction with a flotation clarifier, it is
also called “adsorption flotation”.
References
1. U. S. FDA (2018) Endocrine Disruptor Knowledge Base (EDKB). U. S. Food and Drug
Administration, Web Site http://edkb.fda.gov/
2. European Commission (2018) Endocrine disruptor web site, http://europa.eu.int/comm/environ
ment/endocrine
3. IPCS (2018) Summary and details: scientific facts on endocrine disruptors, International
Program on Chemical Safety, Green Facts, http://www.greenfacts.org/endocrine-disruptors/
4. Naz RK (ed) (1999) Endocrine disruptors: effects on male and female reproductive system.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA
5. Chhanda G (2000) Reproductive malformation of the male offspring following maternal
exposure to estrogenic chemicals. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 224:61–68
6. Triendl R (2001) Genes may solve hormone-disrupter debate, Robert. Nature 209
7. U. S. EPA (2017) Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC)
final report. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, January (1999). http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/oscpendo/history/finalrpt.htm
8. Jesperson K (2003) Endocrine disruptors: what are they doing to you, National Drinking Water
Clearing House. On Tap 2(4):16–22, and 49
9. U. S. EPA (2001) Removal of endocrine disruptor chemicals using drinking water treatment
processes, technology transfer report # EPA/625/R-00/015. The National Risk Management
Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
10. Rogan W, Gladen B et al (1996) Neonatal effects of transplacental exposure to PCBs and DDE.
J Pediatr 109:335–341
11. Stehr-Green PA (1989) Demographic and seasonal influences on human serum pesticide
residue levels. J Toxicol Environ Health 27:405–421
12. Palmer BO, Palmer SK (1995) Vitellogenin production by xenobiotic estrogens in the red-eared
turtle and African clawed frog. Environ Health Perspect 103(Suppl. 4):19–25
13. Colborn T, vom Saal FS, Soto AM (1993) Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting
chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ Health Perspect 101:378–384
14. Guillette LJ, Crain DA (1996) Endocrine-disrupting contaminants and reproductive abnormalities in reptiles. Comments Toxicol 5:381–399
15. ATSDR (2018) Agency for toxic substances and disease registry ToxFAQs. Endosulfan (1995).
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts41.html
16. Cummings AM, Gray LE (1989) Antifertility effect of Methoxychlor in female rats: dose- and
time-dependent blockade of pregnancy. Toxicol Appl Pharm 97:454–462
17. vom Saal FS, Nagel SC (1995) Estrogenic pesticides: binding relative to estradiol in MCF-7
cells and exposure during fetal life on subsequent territorial behavior in male Mice. Toxicol Lett
77:343–350
18. Taylor PR, Lawrence CE, Hwang HL, Paulson AS (1984) Polychlorinated biphenyls: influence
in birth weight and gestation. Am J Public Health 74:1153–1154
19. Patandin SC, Koopman-Esseboom MA, de Ridder N, Weisglas-Kuperus G, Sauer PJ (1998)
Effects of environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins on birth size and
growth in Dutch children. Pediatr Res 44:538–545
192
N. K. Shammas et al.
recovered or removed by a subsequent clarifier (either sedimentation clarifier or
flotation clarifier). When PAC is used in conjunction with a flotation clarifier, it is
also called “adsorption flotation”.
References
1. U. S. FDA (2018) Endocrine Disruptor Knowledge Base (EDKB). U. S. Food and Drug
Administration, Web Site http://edkb.fda.gov/
2. European Commission (2018) Endocrine disruptor web site, http://europa.eu.int/comm/environ
ment/endocrine
3. IPCS (2018) Summary and details: scientific facts on endocrine disruptors, International
Program on Chemical Safety, Green Facts, http://www.greenfacts.org/endocrine-disruptors/
4. Naz RK (ed) (1999) Endocrine disruptors: effects on male and female reproductive system.
CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA
5. Chhanda G (2000) Reproductive malformation of the male offspring following maternal
exposure to estrogenic chemicals. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 224:61–68
6. Triendl R (2001) Genes may solve hormone-disrupter debate, Robert. Nature 209
7. U. S. EPA (2017) Endocrine Disruptor Screening and Testing Advisory Committee (EDSTAC)
final report. Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, January (1999). http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/oscpendo/history/finalrpt.htm
8. Jesperson K (2003) Endocrine disruptors: what are they doing to you, National Drinking Water
Clearing House. On Tap 2(4):16–22, and 49
9. U. S. EPA (2001) Removal of endocrine disruptor chemicals using drinking water treatment
processes, technology transfer report # EPA/625/R-00/015. The National Risk Management
Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Cincinnati, OH, USA
10. Rogan W, Gladen B et al (1996) Neonatal effects of transplacental exposure to PCBs and DDE.
J Pediatr 109:335–341
11. Stehr-Green PA (1989) Demographic and seasonal influences on human serum pesticide
residue levels. J Toxicol Environ Health 27:405–421
12. Palmer BO, Palmer SK (1995) Vitellogenin production by xenobiotic estrogens in the red-eared
turtle and African clawed frog. Environ Health Perspect 103(Suppl. 4):19–25
13. Colborn T, vom Saal FS, Soto AM (1993) Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting
chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ Health Perspect 101:378–384
14. Guillette LJ, Crain DA (1996) Endocrine-disrupting contaminants and reproductive abnormalities in reptiles. Comments Toxicol 5:381–399
15. ATSDR (2018) Agency for toxic substances and disease registry ToxFAQs. Endosulfan (1995).
http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts41.html
16. Cummings AM, Gray LE (1989) Antifertility effect of Methoxychlor in female rats: dose- and
time-dependent blockade of pregnancy. Toxicol Appl Pharm 97:454–462
17. vom Saal FS, Nagel SC (1995) Estrogenic pesticides: binding relative to estradiol in MCF-7
cells and exposure during fetal life on subsequent territorial behavior in male Mice. Toxicol Lett
77:343–350
18. Taylor PR, Lawrence CE, Hwang HL, Paulson AS (1984) Polychlorinated biphenyls: influence
in birth weight and gestation. Am J Public Health 74:1153–1154
19. Patandin SC, Koopman-Esseboom MA, de Ridder N, Weisglas-Kuperus G, Sauer PJ (1998)
Effects of environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins on birth size and
growth in Dutch children. Pediatr Res 44:538–545
192
N. K. Shammas et al.