nitrification; (g) activated sludge process separate reactors for carbonaceous
oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification; (h) single-sludge activated sludge
process for carbonaceous oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification;
(i) sequencing batch reactor (SBR); (j) membrane bioreactor (MBR);
(k) oxidation ditch process; (l) aerated lagoon; etc. The effluent of the
suspended-growth bioreactor (aeration tank, or oxygenation tank, or mixing
tank) discharges to a solid-water separator (sedimentation clarifier, flotation
clarifier, or membrane filter) for additional processing.
Tertiary membrane clarification (or tertiary membrane separation or tertiary
membrane filtration): A water-solid separation/clarification process uses membrane device instead of conventional sedimentation clarification in the tertiary
wastewater treatment step, such as nitrification and denitrification.
Tertiary treatment: It is a wastewater treatment step after secondary treatment,
meaning tertiary treatment is for treating the secondary effluent in that most of
organic substances have been removed. Normally tertiary treatment includes
nitrogen removal processes, phosphorus removal processes, granular activated
carbon, granular media filtration, membrane filtration, and post-aeration.
Thickening, sludge: Sludge thickening is employed prior to subsequent sludge
dewatering processes to increase the efficiency of the sludge dewatering equipment. There are at least five types of sludge thickening processes: gravity
thickening, flotation thickening, centrifuge thickening, gravity belt thickening,
and rotary drum thickening.
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN): The combined amount of organic and ammonia
nitrogen determined by a laboratory analysis.
Total nitrogen (TN): All forms of nitrogen including ammonia nitrogen, nitrate
nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, and organic nitrogen.
Total phosphorus (TP): All forms of phosphorus, including orthophosphate,
polyphosphates, and organic phosphorus.
Volatile fatty acids (VFAs): Fatty acids containing fewer carbon atoms and are
dissolvable in water. When organic material undergoes fermentation reactions,
smaller and more readily available organic molecules are formed known as
volatile fatty acids (VFAs). VFAs typically found in wastewater are acetic acid
(acetate) and propionic acid. VFAs provide the food for PAOs.
Waste activated sludge (WAS): Solids removed/wasted from a biological process,
such as activated sludge process, to prevent an excessive buildup in the system
References
1. U.S. EPA, EPA History: Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-history-federalwater-pollution-control-act-amendments-1972. Accessed 2015
2. Ruchhoft E (1939) Public Health Rep 54(12)
3. Mickinney (1960) Proc. 3rd Conf. on Biological Waste Treatment. Manhattan College
160
L. K. Wang et al.
oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification; (h) single-sludge activated sludge
process for carbonaceous oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification;
(i) sequencing batch reactor (SBR); (j) membrane bioreactor (MBR);
(k) oxidation ditch process; (l) aerated lagoon; etc. The effluent of the
suspended-growth bioreactor (aeration tank, or oxygenation tank, or mixing
tank) discharges to a solid-water separator (sedimentation clarifier, flotation
clarifier, or membrane filter) for additional processing.
Tertiary membrane clarification (or tertiary membrane separation or tertiary
membrane filtration): A water-solid separation/clarification process uses membrane device instead of conventional sedimentation clarification in the tertiary
wastewater treatment step, such as nitrification and denitrification.
Tertiary treatment: It is a wastewater treatment step after secondary treatment,
meaning tertiary treatment is for treating the secondary effluent in that most of
organic substances have been removed. Normally tertiary treatment includes
nitrogen removal processes, phosphorus removal processes, granular activated
carbon, granular media filtration, membrane filtration, and post-aeration.
Thickening, sludge: Sludge thickening is employed prior to subsequent sludge
dewatering processes to increase the efficiency of the sludge dewatering equipment. There are at least five types of sludge thickening processes: gravity
thickening, flotation thickening, centrifuge thickening, gravity belt thickening,
and rotary drum thickening.
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN): The combined amount of organic and ammonia
nitrogen determined by a laboratory analysis.
Total nitrogen (TN): All forms of nitrogen including ammonia nitrogen, nitrate
nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, and organic nitrogen.
Total phosphorus (TP): All forms of phosphorus, including orthophosphate,
polyphosphates, and organic phosphorus.
Volatile fatty acids (VFAs): Fatty acids containing fewer carbon atoms and are
dissolvable in water. When organic material undergoes fermentation reactions,
smaller and more readily available organic molecules are formed known as
volatile fatty acids (VFAs). VFAs typically found in wastewater are acetic acid
(acetate) and propionic acid. VFAs provide the food for PAOs.
Waste activated sludge (WAS): Solids removed/wasted from a biological process,
such as activated sludge process, to prevent an excessive buildup in the system
References
1. U.S. EPA, EPA History: Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, http://www2.epa.gov/aboutepa/epa-history-federalwater-pollution-control-act-amendments-1972. Accessed 2015
2. Ruchhoft E (1939) Public Health Rep 54(12)
3. Mickinney (1960) Proc. 3rd Conf. on Biological Waste Treatment. Manhattan College
160
L. K. Wang et al.