discharge standards. In the nitrification and denitrification steps, only tertiary
flotation clarification will be used for solid-water separation.
Innovative physicochemical flotation-membrane wastewater treatment system: It includes (a) preliminary treatment units (i.e., screen, comminutor, grit
chamber, etc. for the removal of sand, gravel, cinders, coffee grounds, small
stones, cigarette filter tips, logs, cans, and other large-sized unwanted materials
from raw wastewater), (b) primary flotation clarification for removing mainly
total suspended solids from preliminary effluent, (c) secondary physicochemical
treatment units (such as chemical precipitation/coagulation or equivalent plus
secondary membrane clarification) for removing dissolved organic/inorganic
pollutants from primary effluent, and (d) tertiary treatment plant units (i.e.,
filtration, granular activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange, oxidation, nitrification, denitrification, and/or disinfection) for final polishing the secondary
effluent in order to meet the effluent discharge standards. In the nitrification and
denitrification steps, only tertiary membrane clarification will be used for solidwater separation.
Ion: A charged atom, molecule, or radical that affects the transport of electricity
through an electrolyte or gas. An atom or molecule that has lost or gained one or
more electrons.
KAMET: It is the abbreviation of Krofta Advanced Municipal Effluent Treatment
(KAMET) and is a circular package plant consisting of both Supracell and
Sandfloat with Supracell on the top. KAMET system can be used for either
water treatment or wastewater treatment, but is advertised for wastewater
treatment.
KAMWT: It is the abbreviation of Krofta Advanced Municipal Water Treatment
(KAMWT) and is a circular package plant consisting of both Supracell and
Sandfloat with Supracell on the top. KAMWT system can be used for either
water treatment or wastewater, but is advertised for water treatment.
Kraus activated sludge process: When nitrogen deficiency occurs in biological
wastewater treatment and exogenous supply of nitrogen is expensive, the Kraus
process can be useful in that an internal or endogenous supply of nitrogen is used
to maintain the growth of active biomass. The Kraus process has a regular
aeration tank (conventional, step aeration, or complete mix) plus an extra
reaeration tank. The reaeration tank receives (a) return activated sludge from a
secondary clarifier, (b) digester supernatant, (c) digested sludge, and (d) possible
other nitrogen source, if needed, and aerates the mixture. When the reaeration
tank effluent is introduced into the aeration tank with the wastewater influent, the
nitrate released from the reaeration tank serves as the supplemental nitrogen
source for synthesis.
Lagoon, aerated: An aerated lagoon is a holding basin (3–10 days DT; 6–20 ft
depth) in which air is mechanically introduced to speed up aerobic decomposition
of organic pollutants in wastewater. It is essentially the same as the extended
aeration activated sludge biological process, except that an earthen basin is used
for the aerobic suspended-growth bioreactor. The downstream of an aerated
148
L. K. Wang et al.
flotation clarification will be used for solid-water separation.
Innovative physicochemical flotation-membrane wastewater treatment system: It includes (a) preliminary treatment units (i.e., screen, comminutor, grit
chamber, etc. for the removal of sand, gravel, cinders, coffee grounds, small
stones, cigarette filter tips, logs, cans, and other large-sized unwanted materials
from raw wastewater), (b) primary flotation clarification for removing mainly
total suspended solids from preliminary effluent, (c) secondary physicochemical
treatment units (such as chemical precipitation/coagulation or equivalent plus
secondary membrane clarification) for removing dissolved organic/inorganic
pollutants from primary effluent, and (d) tertiary treatment plant units (i.e.,
filtration, granular activated carbon adsorption, ion exchange, oxidation, nitrification, denitrification, and/or disinfection) for final polishing the secondary
effluent in order to meet the effluent discharge standards. In the nitrification and
denitrification steps, only tertiary membrane clarification will be used for solidwater separation.
Ion: A charged atom, molecule, or radical that affects the transport of electricity
through an electrolyte or gas. An atom or molecule that has lost or gained one or
more electrons.
KAMET: It is the abbreviation of Krofta Advanced Municipal Effluent Treatment
(KAMET) and is a circular package plant consisting of both Supracell and
Sandfloat with Supracell on the top. KAMET system can be used for either
water treatment or wastewater treatment, but is advertised for wastewater
treatment.
KAMWT: It is the abbreviation of Krofta Advanced Municipal Water Treatment
(KAMWT) and is a circular package plant consisting of both Supracell and
Sandfloat with Supracell on the top. KAMWT system can be used for either
water treatment or wastewater, but is advertised for water treatment.
Kraus activated sludge process: When nitrogen deficiency occurs in biological
wastewater treatment and exogenous supply of nitrogen is expensive, the Kraus
process can be useful in that an internal or endogenous supply of nitrogen is used
to maintain the growth of active biomass. The Kraus process has a regular
aeration tank (conventional, step aeration, or complete mix) plus an extra
reaeration tank. The reaeration tank receives (a) return activated sludge from a
secondary clarifier, (b) digester supernatant, (c) digested sludge, and (d) possible
other nitrogen source, if needed, and aerates the mixture. When the reaeration
tank effluent is introduced into the aeration tank with the wastewater influent, the
nitrate released from the reaeration tank serves as the supplemental nitrogen
source for synthesis.
Lagoon, aerated: An aerated lagoon is a holding basin (3–10 days DT; 6–20 ft
depth) in which air is mechanically introduced to speed up aerobic decomposition
of organic pollutants in wastewater. It is essentially the same as the extended
aeration activated sludge biological process, except that an earthen basin is used
for the aerobic suspended-growth bioreactor. The downstream of an aerated
148
L. K. Wang et al.