11 Electron Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
P. Torruella, J. Blanco-Portals, Ll. Yedra, L. López-Conesa,
J. M. Rebled, F. Peiró, and S. Estradé
11.1 Introduction: Fundamentals of Electron Tomography
and Overview of Classic Reconstruction Methods . . . . . . . . . . . 258
11.1.1 Mathematical Principles and Reconstruction
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
11.2 Analytical Tomography and the Spectrum Volume
Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
11.2.1 Compressed Sensing (CS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
11.2.2 EELS Tomography: From Spectrum Image Tilt Series
to the Spectrum Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
11.2.3 A Case Study: 3D Visualization of Iron Oxidation
State in FeO/Fe 3 O 4 Core–Shell Nanocubes Through
Compressed Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
11.3 Emerging Techniques and Future Perspectives
for EELS-SV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
11.3.1 Clustering Analysis: Mathematical Principles . . . . . . . . 276
11.3.2 Application of Clustering to EELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
11.3.3 Future Perspectives. Clustering Data in EELS-SV
Tomographic Reconstructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
12 Magnetic Force Microscopy and Magnetic Nanoparticles:
Perspectives and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Daniele Passeri, Livia Angeloni, and Marco Rossi
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
12.2 Magnetic Force Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
12.3 Magnetic Force Microscopy and Magnetic Nanoparticles . . . . . 289
12.3.1 Quantitative Nanomagnetic Characterization . . . . . . . . . 289
12.3.2 Detection of Magnetic Nanoparticles
in Nano-systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
12.3.3 Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
12.4 Conclusions, Perspectives and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Part IV Advanced Magnetic Nanoparticles Systems for Applications
13 Magnetic Nanoparticles for Life Sciences Applications . . . . . . . . . . 303
C. Marquina
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
13.2 Penetration and Transport of Magnetic Nanoparticles
in Living Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
13.2.1 Nanoparticle Application by Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Contents
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