23. Pingen D, Diebolt O, Vogt D (2013) Direct amination of bio-alcohols using ammonia.
ChemCatChem 5:2905–2912
24. Zhang Y, Lim CS, Boon Sim DS, Pan HJ, Zhao Y (2014) Catalytic enantioselective amination
of alcohols by the use of borrowing hydrogen methodology: cooperative catalysis by iridium
and a chiral phosphoric acid. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:1399–1403
25. Gross J, Tauber K, Fuchs M, Schmidt NG, Rajagopalan A, Faber K, Fabian WMF, Pfeffer J,
Haas T, Kroutil W (2014) Aerobic oxidation of isosorbide and isomannide employing
TEMPO/laccase. Green Chem 16:2117–2121
26. Starr JN, Westhoff G (2014) Lactic acid, 7th edn. Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial
chemistry. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/14356007
27. Sharninghausen LS, Campos J, Manas MG, Crabtree RH (2014) Efficient selective and atom
economic catalytic conversion of glycerol to lactic acid. Nat Commun 5:5084
28. Manas MG, Campos J, Sharninghausen LS, Lin E, Crabtree RH (2015) Selective catalytic
oxidation of sugar alcohols to lactic acid. Green Chem 17:594–600
29. Lu Z, Demianets I, Hamze R, Terrile NJ, Williams TJ (2016) A prolific catalyst for selective
conversion of neat glycerol to lactic acid. ACS Catal 6:2014–2017
30. Sun Z, Liu Y, Chen J, Huang C, Tu T (2015) Robust iridium coordination polymers: highly
selective, efficient, and recyclable catalysts for oxidative conversion of glycerol to potassium
lactate with dihydrogen liberation. ACS Catal 5:6573–6578
31. Finn M, Ridenour JA, Heltzel J, Cahill C, Voutchkova-Kostal A (2018) Next-generation
water-soluble homogeneous catalysts for conversion of glycerol to lactic acid. Organometallics 37:1400–1409
32. Cheong Y-J, Sung K, Park S, Jung J, Jang H-Y (2020) Valorization of chemical wastes: Ir
(biscarbene)-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of inorganic carbonates using glycerol. ACS
Sustain Chem Eng 8:6972–6978
33. Ahmed Foskey TJ, Heinekey DM, Goldberg KI (2012) Partial deoxygenation of
1,2-propanediol catalyzed by iridium pincer complexes. ACS Catal 2:1285–1289
34. Lao DB, Owens ACE, Heinekey DM, Goldberg KI (2013) Partial deoxygenation of glycerol
catalyzed by iridium pincer complexes. ACS Catal 3:2391–2396
35. Haynes A, Maitlis PM, Morris GE, Sunley GJ, Adams H, Badger PW, Bowers CM, Cook DB,
Elliott PIP, Ghaffar T, Green H, Griffin TR, Payne M, Pearson JM, Taylor MJ, Vickers PW,
Watt RJ (2004) Promotion of iridium-catalyzed methanol Carbonylation: mechanistic studies
of the Cativa process. J Am Chem Soc 126:2847–2861
36. Coskun T, Conifer CM, Stevenson LC, Britovsek GJP (2013) Carbodeoxygenation of biomass: the carbonylation of glycerol and higher polyols to monocarboxylic acids. Chem Eur J
19:6840–6844
37. Crabtree RH (2019) Transfer hydrogenation with glycerol as H-donor: catalyst activation,
deactivation and homogeneity. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:15845–15853
38. Farnetti E, Kašpar J, Crotti C (2009) A novel glycerol valorization route: chemoselective
dehydrogenation catalyzed by iridium derivatives. Green Chem 11:704–770
39. Crotti C, Kašpar J, Farnetti E (2010) Dehydrogenation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone
catalyzed by iridium complexes with P–N ligands. Green Chem 12:1295–1300
40. Crotti C, Farnetti E, Guidolin N (2010) Alternative intermediates for glycerol valorization:
iridium-catalyzed formation of acetals and ketals. Green Chem 12:2225–2231
41. Silva PHR, Gonçalves VLC, Mota CJA (2010) Glycerol acetals as anti-freezing additives for
biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 101:6225–6229
42. Deutsch J, Martin A, Lieske H (2007) Investigations on heterogeneously catalysed condensations of glycerol to cyclic acetals. J Catal 245:428–435
43. Cataldo M, Nieddu E, Gavagnin R, Pinna F, Strukul G (1999) Hydroxy complexes of
palladium(II) and platinum(II) as catalysts for the acetalization of aldehydes and ketones. J
Mol Catal A Chem 142:305–316
44. Chakrabarti K, Maji M, Kundu S (2019) Cooperative iridium complex-catalyzed synthesis of
quinoxalines, benzimidazoles and quinazolines in water. Green Chem 21:1999–2004
Homogenous Iridium Catalysts for Biomass Conversion
391
ChemCatChem 5:2905–2912
24. Zhang Y, Lim CS, Boon Sim DS, Pan HJ, Zhao Y (2014) Catalytic enantioselective amination
of alcohols by the use of borrowing hydrogen methodology: cooperative catalysis by iridium
and a chiral phosphoric acid. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:1399–1403
25. Gross J, Tauber K, Fuchs M, Schmidt NG, Rajagopalan A, Faber K, Fabian WMF, Pfeffer J,
Haas T, Kroutil W (2014) Aerobic oxidation of isosorbide and isomannide employing
TEMPO/laccase. Green Chem 16:2117–2121
26. Starr JN, Westhoff G (2014) Lactic acid, 7th edn. Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial
chemistry. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/14356007
27. Sharninghausen LS, Campos J, Manas MG, Crabtree RH (2014) Efficient selective and atom
economic catalytic conversion of glycerol to lactic acid. Nat Commun 5:5084
28. Manas MG, Campos J, Sharninghausen LS, Lin E, Crabtree RH (2015) Selective catalytic
oxidation of sugar alcohols to lactic acid. Green Chem 17:594–600
29. Lu Z, Demianets I, Hamze R, Terrile NJ, Williams TJ (2016) A prolific catalyst for selective
conversion of neat glycerol to lactic acid. ACS Catal 6:2014–2017
30. Sun Z, Liu Y, Chen J, Huang C, Tu T (2015) Robust iridium coordination polymers: highly
selective, efficient, and recyclable catalysts for oxidative conversion of glycerol to potassium
lactate with dihydrogen liberation. ACS Catal 5:6573–6578
31. Finn M, Ridenour JA, Heltzel J, Cahill C, Voutchkova-Kostal A (2018) Next-generation
water-soluble homogeneous catalysts for conversion of glycerol to lactic acid. Organometallics 37:1400–1409
32. Cheong Y-J, Sung K, Park S, Jung J, Jang H-Y (2020) Valorization of chemical wastes: Ir
(biscarbene)-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of inorganic carbonates using glycerol. ACS
Sustain Chem Eng 8:6972–6978
33. Ahmed Foskey TJ, Heinekey DM, Goldberg KI (2012) Partial deoxygenation of
1,2-propanediol catalyzed by iridium pincer complexes. ACS Catal 2:1285–1289
34. Lao DB, Owens ACE, Heinekey DM, Goldberg KI (2013) Partial deoxygenation of glycerol
catalyzed by iridium pincer complexes. ACS Catal 3:2391–2396
35. Haynes A, Maitlis PM, Morris GE, Sunley GJ, Adams H, Badger PW, Bowers CM, Cook DB,
Elliott PIP, Ghaffar T, Green H, Griffin TR, Payne M, Pearson JM, Taylor MJ, Vickers PW,
Watt RJ (2004) Promotion of iridium-catalyzed methanol Carbonylation: mechanistic studies
of the Cativa process. J Am Chem Soc 126:2847–2861
36. Coskun T, Conifer CM, Stevenson LC, Britovsek GJP (2013) Carbodeoxygenation of biomass: the carbonylation of glycerol and higher polyols to monocarboxylic acids. Chem Eur J
19:6840–6844
37. Crabtree RH (2019) Transfer hydrogenation with glycerol as H-donor: catalyst activation,
deactivation and homogeneity. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:15845–15853
38. Farnetti E, Kašpar J, Crotti C (2009) A novel glycerol valorization route: chemoselective
dehydrogenation catalyzed by iridium derivatives. Green Chem 11:704–770
39. Crotti C, Kašpar J, Farnetti E (2010) Dehydrogenation of glycerol to dihydroxyacetone
catalyzed by iridium complexes with P–N ligands. Green Chem 12:1295–1300
40. Crotti C, Farnetti E, Guidolin N (2010) Alternative intermediates for glycerol valorization:
iridium-catalyzed formation of acetals and ketals. Green Chem 12:2225–2231
41. Silva PHR, Gonçalves VLC, Mota CJA (2010) Glycerol acetals as anti-freezing additives for
biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 101:6225–6229
42. Deutsch J, Martin A, Lieske H (2007) Investigations on heterogeneously catalysed condensations of glycerol to cyclic acetals. J Catal 245:428–435
43. Cataldo M, Nieddu E, Gavagnin R, Pinna F, Strukul G (1999) Hydroxy complexes of
palladium(II) and platinum(II) as catalysts for the acetalization of aldehydes and ketones. J
Mol Catal A Chem 142:305–316
44. Chakrabarti K, Maji M, Kundu S (2019) Cooperative iridium complex-catalyzed synthesis of
quinoxalines, benzimidazoles and quinazolines in water. Green Chem 21:1999–2004
Homogenous Iridium Catalysts for Biomass Conversion
391