18.3.3.4 Vitamins
The detectable vitamins present in camelina meal are Vitamins B1 (thiamin), B3
(niacin), B5 (panthothenic acid), B2 (riboflavin), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), and
B9 (folate) (Table 18.3). The meal is considered a good source of vitamin B1, B3,
and B5 (Berhow et al. 2014).
18.3.3.5 Minerals
The minerals present in camelina meal include calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, phosphorus, sulfur, iron, copper, manganese, nickel, and zinc
(Berhow et al. 2014). Content of calcium, potassium, and phosphorus is between
1.0 and 1.6% (Table 18.3). The iron, manganese, and zinc contents are 329 μg/g,
40 μg/g and 69 μg/g, respectively (Ibrahim and El Habbasha 2015).
18.4 Antinutritional Factors
Camelina contains glucosinolates, tannins, and erucic acid (C22:1) (Abramovič et al.
2007; Matthaus and Zubr 2000; Zubr 1997). These affect the nutritional content of
the seeds. Glucosinolates and erucic acids are the major concerns when feeding
camelina because of their effect on the thyroid and the cardiovascular system
(Tripathi and Mishra 2007). However, the glucosinolate levels in camelina meal
are lower as compared to other brassicaceous species. Camelina seeds contain three
main glucosinolates: glucoarabin (9-methyl-sulfinylnonyl glucosinolate; GS9),
glucocamelinin (10-methylsulfinyl-decyl glucosinolate; GS10), and 11-methylsulfinyl-undecyl glucosinolate (GS11) (Schuster and Friedt 1998). Not much is
known about the biological role of these glucosinolates and the toxicity of their
hydrolysis products. It is the degraded products from glucosinolates that contributes
to the toxicity of glucosinolates. The degraded products, specifically thiocyanates,
oxazolidinethiones, and nitriles, are bitter in taste (Mithen et al. 2000), and are
shown to decrease thyroid function in rainbow trout (Burel et al. 2001). Phytic
acid reduces the availability of minerals, such as phosphorus, zinc, and magnesium
(Denstadli et al. 2006). Tannins inhibit amylase, lipase, and protease activities
(Tanwar et al. 2018, 2019; Mandal and Ghosh 2010). The presence of sinapine in
aquafeed reduces the feed palatability due to its bitter taste. The presence of erucic
acid in camelina oil may make its consumption in higher quantities unsafe. High
erucic acid has been linked to heart disease (Kok et al. 2018). Camelina lines devoid
of erucic acid were identified and cultivars with very low erucic acid are being
developed.
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461
The detectable vitamins present in camelina meal are Vitamins B1 (thiamin), B3
(niacin), B5 (panthothenic acid), B2 (riboflavin), B6 (pyridoxine), B7 (biotin), and
B9 (folate) (Table 18.3). The meal is considered a good source of vitamin B1, B3,
and B5 (Berhow et al. 2014).
18.3.3.5 Minerals
The minerals present in camelina meal include calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, phosphorus, sulfur, iron, copper, manganese, nickel, and zinc
(Berhow et al. 2014). Content of calcium, potassium, and phosphorus is between
1.0 and 1.6% (Table 18.3). The iron, manganese, and zinc contents are 329 μg/g,
40 μg/g and 69 μg/g, respectively (Ibrahim and El Habbasha 2015).
18.4 Antinutritional Factors
Camelina contains glucosinolates, tannins, and erucic acid (C22:1) (Abramovič et al.
2007; Matthaus and Zubr 2000; Zubr 1997). These affect the nutritional content of
the seeds. Glucosinolates and erucic acids are the major concerns when feeding
camelina because of their effect on the thyroid and the cardiovascular system
(Tripathi and Mishra 2007). However, the glucosinolate levels in camelina meal
are lower as compared to other brassicaceous species. Camelina seeds contain three
main glucosinolates: glucoarabin (9-methyl-sulfinylnonyl glucosinolate; GS9),
glucocamelinin (10-methylsulfinyl-decyl glucosinolate; GS10), and 11-methylsulfinyl-undecyl glucosinolate (GS11) (Schuster and Friedt 1998). Not much is
known about the biological role of these glucosinolates and the toxicity of their
hydrolysis products. It is the degraded products from glucosinolates that contributes
to the toxicity of glucosinolates. The degraded products, specifically thiocyanates,
oxazolidinethiones, and nitriles, are bitter in taste (Mithen et al. 2000), and are
shown to decrease thyroid function in rainbow trout (Burel et al. 2001). Phytic
acid reduces the availability of minerals, such as phosphorus, zinc, and magnesium
(Denstadli et al. 2006). Tannins inhibit amylase, lipase, and protease activities
(Tanwar et al. 2018, 2019; Mandal and Ghosh 2010). The presence of sinapine in
aquafeed reduces the feed palatability due to its bitter taste. The presence of erucic
acid in camelina oil may make its consumption in higher quantities unsafe. High
erucic acid has been linked to heart disease (Kok et al. 2018). Camelina lines devoid
of erucic acid were identified and cultivars with very low erucic acid are being
developed.
18 Camelina (Camelina sativa) Seed
461