16.5.2 Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic disorder, leads to hyperglycemic conditions,
resulting in defects in insulin action, insulin secretion or both along with severely
disturbing the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and fat (American Diabetes
Association). The frequency of DM had risen considerably in the last few years
and the reason could be lifestyle, inappropriate and unhealthy dietary intake, and an
increase in obesity. The multiple complications due to DM include neuropathy,
retinopathy, vascular damages, and various heterogeneous diseases. DM is of two
types, type 1 called insulin-dependent DM (IDDM) and type 2 referred to as noninsulin-dependent DM (NIDDM). IDDM is found in people having reduced or no
endogenous secretion of insulin thereby exogenous insulin therapy is required
(Wu et al. 2014).
Whereas, in NIDDM, insulin resistance and insulin secretion had been impaired
in individuals due to obesity and lack of physical exercise (Bastak 2005).
The hyperglycemic condition also leads to the fatality of renal cells by stimulating
DNA disintegration and thereby the development of renal pathology (nephropathy)
(Keim et al. 2001; Allen et al. 2003). Supplementation of Vitamin E (544 mg/kg) in
the diet was linked to the reduction of DM problem (Halim and Mukhopadhyay
2006). The RBO-extracted TRF was evaluated for its capacity to improve renal
functions in hyperglycemic rats. Compared to the untreated group, the group treated
with TRF-RBO at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day over a period of 8 weeks
revealed significant (P < 0.001) refinement in renal functions having diabetic
nephropathy by virtue of its hypoglycemic status, reduced diabetic proteinuria,
blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total nitric oxide levels in both serum and urine, and
oxidative stress parameters of rats with type 1 DM (Siddiqui et al. 2010). Jung et al.
(2007) studied the type 2 diabetic mice for hypoglycemia by oral administration of
ferulic acid (FA) (0.05 g/kg/day). The study was conducted for 17 days and after its
completion, there was significantly decreased blood glucose levels (416.8 mg/dL)
and increased plasma insulin levels ( p < 0.05) than the control group. Further,
FA-treated groups had significantly ( p < 0.05) elevated hepatic glycogen content
(22.88 mg/g) and glucokinase activity compared with the control group (the difference was not significant).
Humans’ adipose tissue synthesizes and produces cytokines; a group of proteins
that act as chemical messenger. Among cytokines, adiponectin, a hormonal protein
secreted by fat cells, circulates in the blood and directs various metabolic signaling
like regulation of blood glucose and breakdown of fatty acid. Too much dietary fat,
particularly from meat, results in a condition called insulin resistance in the adipocyte cells which can hinder the production of adiponectin, resulting in type 2 DM
(Vettor et al. 2005). Nagasaka et al. (2011) studied the effect of γ-oryzanol in mice
for lowering serum cholesterol by measuring adiponectin serum levels. The animals
were fed orally on a diet that included palmitate acid (0.17 mg/mL in corn oil, n ¼ 5),
beef tallow group (0.5 mL), and corn oil group (0.5 mL, control group, n ¼ 5) to
induce hypo-adiponectinemia. In addition, 0.025 mmol of γ-oryzanol was given
406
U. Yadav et al.
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a metabolic disorder, leads to hyperglycemic conditions,
resulting in defects in insulin action, insulin secretion or both along with severely
disturbing the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, and fat (American Diabetes
Association). The frequency of DM had risen considerably in the last few years
and the reason could be lifestyle, inappropriate and unhealthy dietary intake, and an
increase in obesity. The multiple complications due to DM include neuropathy,
retinopathy, vascular damages, and various heterogeneous diseases. DM is of two
types, type 1 called insulin-dependent DM (IDDM) and type 2 referred to as noninsulin-dependent DM (NIDDM). IDDM is found in people having reduced or no
endogenous secretion of insulin thereby exogenous insulin therapy is required
(Wu et al. 2014).
Whereas, in NIDDM, insulin resistance and insulin secretion had been impaired
in individuals due to obesity and lack of physical exercise (Bastak 2005).
The hyperglycemic condition also leads to the fatality of renal cells by stimulating
DNA disintegration and thereby the development of renal pathology (nephropathy)
(Keim et al. 2001; Allen et al. 2003). Supplementation of Vitamin E (544 mg/kg) in
the diet was linked to the reduction of DM problem (Halim and Mukhopadhyay
2006). The RBO-extracted TRF was evaluated for its capacity to improve renal
functions in hyperglycemic rats. Compared to the untreated group, the group treated
with TRF-RBO at a concentration of 200 mg/kg/day over a period of 8 weeks
revealed significant (P < 0.001) refinement in renal functions having diabetic
nephropathy by virtue of its hypoglycemic status, reduced diabetic proteinuria,
blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total nitric oxide levels in both serum and urine, and
oxidative stress parameters of rats with type 1 DM (Siddiqui et al. 2010). Jung et al.
(2007) studied the type 2 diabetic mice for hypoglycemia by oral administration of
ferulic acid (FA) (0.05 g/kg/day). The study was conducted for 17 days and after its
completion, there was significantly decreased blood glucose levels (416.8 mg/dL)
and increased plasma insulin levels ( p < 0.05) than the control group. Further,
FA-treated groups had significantly ( p < 0.05) elevated hepatic glycogen content
(22.88 mg/g) and glucokinase activity compared with the control group (the difference was not significant).
Humans’ adipose tissue synthesizes and produces cytokines; a group of proteins
that act as chemical messenger. Among cytokines, adiponectin, a hormonal protein
secreted by fat cells, circulates in the blood and directs various metabolic signaling
like regulation of blood glucose and breakdown of fatty acid. Too much dietary fat,
particularly from meat, results in a condition called insulin resistance in the adipocyte cells which can hinder the production of adiponectin, resulting in type 2 DM
(Vettor et al. 2005). Nagasaka et al. (2011) studied the effect of γ-oryzanol in mice
for lowering serum cholesterol by measuring adiponectin serum levels. The animals
were fed orally on a diet that included palmitate acid (0.17 mg/mL in corn oil, n ¼ 5),
beef tallow group (0.5 mL), and corn oil group (0.5 mL, control group, n ¼ 5) to
induce hypo-adiponectinemia. In addition, 0.025 mmol of γ-oryzanol was given
406
U. Yadav et al.