lipogenesis, adipogenesis, and decreased body weight (Huang et al. 2016a, b).
However, some studies have also reported that soy isoflavone supplementation
resulted in increased adipose tissue (Zanella et al. 2015), increased total cholesterol,
and leptin concentrations in mice (Giordano et al. 2015).
Since soy protein is a major constituent and possesses high biological value in
addition to the presence of bioactive compounds, its role in obesity cannot be
overlooked. Soy protein isolate and its hydrolysate were found to be effective in
reducing the body fat and perirenal fat pads when compared with whey protein
isolate in the treatment of obese male Sprague-Dawley rats (Aoyama et al. 2000).
Nagasawa et al. (2002) observed decreased body fat content and plasma glucose
levels in obese mice fed with soy protein than the mice fed with casein protein diet.
Anderson and Hoie (2005) investigated the effects of soy- versus milk-based meal
replacement in obese women (BMI: 27–40 kg/m
2 ) for 12 weeks and reported modest
weight loss coupled with significant reduction in blood lipids of the subjects. Neacsu
et al. (2014) in a randomized crossover trial reported appetite control and weight loss
among obese men fed with soy-based high-protein weight-loss diets.
1.4.5 In Inflammation
Han et al. (2015) suggested the anti-inflammatory effect of genistein (a soy isoflavone) in homocysteine (Hcy)-induced endothelial cell inflammatory injury. It is
reported that soy isoflavones exhibited the anti-inflammatory effects by showing
a reduction in the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibited NF-kB
activation; down-regulating the expression of cytokine IL-6 and adhesion molecules
ICAM-1, avoiding inflammatory cells and platelet adhesion, and thus, balanced the
endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. Sakamoto et al. (2016) concluded from
their in vitro study that daidzein or soy consumption can be helpful in suppressing
chronic inflammation which in turn can alleviate obesity-related insulin resistance.
Wang and Wu (2017) reported that dietary soy isoflavones hold the potential to
alleviate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammation in mice by enhancing
antioxidant function and inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88 signal.
1.4.6 Effects on Menopausal Symptoms
Since 1991, several studies have been undertaken to investigate the role of soybeans
and its bioactive components on the menopausal symptoms and have reported their
efficacy in the same (Lockley 1991; Adlercreutz et al. 1992; Murkies et al. 1995;
Lethaby et al. 2007; Howes et al. 2006). However, Newton and Grady (2011) have
commented that the results may have been misinterpreted, and Messina (2014)
observed that the studies did not sub-analyze the data according to the isoflavone
profile of the intervention product. Recently, Furlong et al. (2019) investigated the
20
R. Modgil et al.
However, some studies have also reported that soy isoflavone supplementation
resulted in increased adipose tissue (Zanella et al. 2015), increased total cholesterol,
and leptin concentrations in mice (Giordano et al. 2015).
Since soy protein is a major constituent and possesses high biological value in
addition to the presence of bioactive compounds, its role in obesity cannot be
overlooked. Soy protein isolate and its hydrolysate were found to be effective in
reducing the body fat and perirenal fat pads when compared with whey protein
isolate in the treatment of obese male Sprague-Dawley rats (Aoyama et al. 2000).
Nagasawa et al. (2002) observed decreased body fat content and plasma glucose
levels in obese mice fed with soy protein than the mice fed with casein protein diet.
Anderson and Hoie (2005) investigated the effects of soy- versus milk-based meal
replacement in obese women (BMI: 27–40 kg/m
2 ) for 12 weeks and reported modest
weight loss coupled with significant reduction in blood lipids of the subjects. Neacsu
et al. (2014) in a randomized crossover trial reported appetite control and weight loss
among obese men fed with soy-based high-protein weight-loss diets.
1.4.5 In Inflammation
Han et al. (2015) suggested the anti-inflammatory effect of genistein (a soy isoflavone) in homocysteine (Hcy)-induced endothelial cell inflammatory injury. It is
reported that soy isoflavones exhibited the anti-inflammatory effects by showing
a reduction in the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibited NF-kB
activation; down-regulating the expression of cytokine IL-6 and adhesion molecules
ICAM-1, avoiding inflammatory cells and platelet adhesion, and thus, balanced the
endothelial cell proliferation and apoptosis. Sakamoto et al. (2016) concluded from
their in vitro study that daidzein or soy consumption can be helpful in suppressing
chronic inflammation which in turn can alleviate obesity-related insulin resistance.
Wang and Wu (2017) reported that dietary soy isoflavones hold the potential to
alleviate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced inflammation in mice by enhancing
antioxidant function and inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88 signal.
1.4.6 Effects on Menopausal Symptoms
Since 1991, several studies have been undertaken to investigate the role of soybeans
and its bioactive components on the menopausal symptoms and have reported their
efficacy in the same (Lockley 1991; Adlercreutz et al. 1992; Murkies et al. 1995;
Lethaby et al. 2007; Howes et al. 2006). However, Newton and Grady (2011) have
commented that the results may have been misinterpreted, and Messina (2014)
observed that the studies did not sub-analyze the data according to the isoflavone
profile of the intervention product. Recently, Furlong et al. (2019) investigated the
20
R. Modgil et al.