saponins and are often referred to soyasaponins. Soyasaponins are usually concentrated in the hypocotyl of the seed, and the total value ranges between 140 and
975 mg/100 g dried weight of the seeds (Fenwick and Oakenfull 1981; Lin and
Wang 2004). On the basis of chemical structure, they are classified into three
groups, viz., soyasapogenol A (hydroxyl group at the C-21 position),
soyasapogenol B (hydrogen atom at the C-21 position), and soyasapogenol E
(carbonyl group at C-22 and are oxidation products from group B) (Yoshiki et al.
1998). They impart bitter taste, astringency, foaming properties, and hemolytic
activity to the plant material (Ridout et al. 1988 and, thus, were once considered as
antinutrients.
However, research has established that soyasaponins are not only safe to be used
as food and feed (Ishaaya et al. 1969) but also possess plethora of health benefits,
viz., hypocholesterolemic (Chávez-Santoscoy et al. 2013), immune-modulatory
(Sun et al. 2014; Qiao et al. 2014), anti-inflammatory (Francis et al. 2002; Mudryj
et al. 2014), antiobesity (Kim et al. 2014), hepatoprotective (Kuzuhara et al. 2000),
anticarcinogenic (Gurfinkel and Rao 2003; Du et al. 2014), and antimutagenic
(Berhow et al. 2002) activities.
1.4 Health Attributes
Numerous epidemiological studies have established that consumption of soybean
and its various phytonutrients aids in the prevention and treatment of cancer,
cardiovascular disease, and metabolic, musculoskeletal, gynecological, endocrine,
and renal outcomes especially in perimenopausal women (Li et al. 2019;
Watanabe and Uehara 2019; Abo-Elsoud et al. 2019; Latorraca et al. 2019).
Detailed information on dosage, route of administration, the model used, and the
results based on the experimental research study both in vitro and in vivo are
depicted in Table 1.3.
1.4.1 In Hyperglycemia
Numerous animal and human studies have reported the antidiabetic potential of
soybean and its bioactive components (soy isoflavones, protein, fiber, saponins, etc.)
by regulating blood glucose levels and improving insulin resistance and kidney
filtration (Holt et al. 1996; Chandalia et al. 2000; Jenkins et al. 2003a, b; Trujillo
et al. 2005; Azadbakht et al. 2007; Pipe et al. 2009; Kwon et al. 2010; ChalvonDemersay et al. 2017). In a recent study, Tatsumi et al. (2013) reported lower type
2 diabetes incidence in Japanese men with BMI >23.6 kg/m
2 on consumption of !4
servings/week of soybean products.
1 Soybean (Glycine max)
1 1
975 mg/100 g dried weight of the seeds (Fenwick and Oakenfull 1981; Lin and
Wang 2004). On the basis of chemical structure, they are classified into three
groups, viz., soyasapogenol A (hydroxyl group at the C-21 position),
soyasapogenol B (hydrogen atom at the C-21 position), and soyasapogenol E
(carbonyl group at C-22 and are oxidation products from group B) (Yoshiki et al.
1998). They impart bitter taste, astringency, foaming properties, and hemolytic
activity to the plant material (Ridout et al. 1988 and, thus, were once considered as
antinutrients.
However, research has established that soyasaponins are not only safe to be used
as food and feed (Ishaaya et al. 1969) but also possess plethora of health benefits,
viz., hypocholesterolemic (Chávez-Santoscoy et al. 2013), immune-modulatory
(Sun et al. 2014; Qiao et al. 2014), anti-inflammatory (Francis et al. 2002; Mudryj
et al. 2014), antiobesity (Kim et al. 2014), hepatoprotective (Kuzuhara et al. 2000),
anticarcinogenic (Gurfinkel and Rao 2003; Du et al. 2014), and antimutagenic
(Berhow et al. 2002) activities.
1.4 Health Attributes
Numerous epidemiological studies have established that consumption of soybean
and its various phytonutrients aids in the prevention and treatment of cancer,
cardiovascular disease, and metabolic, musculoskeletal, gynecological, endocrine,
and renal outcomes especially in perimenopausal women (Li et al. 2019;
Watanabe and Uehara 2019; Abo-Elsoud et al. 2019; Latorraca et al. 2019).
Detailed information on dosage, route of administration, the model used, and the
results based on the experimental research study both in vitro and in vivo are
depicted in Table 1.3.
1.4.1 In Hyperglycemia
Numerous animal and human studies have reported the antidiabetic potential of
soybean and its bioactive components (soy isoflavones, protein, fiber, saponins, etc.)
by regulating blood glucose levels and improving insulin resistance and kidney
filtration (Holt et al. 1996; Chandalia et al. 2000; Jenkins et al. 2003a, b; Trujillo
et al. 2005; Azadbakht et al. 2007; Pipe et al. 2009; Kwon et al. 2010; ChalvonDemersay et al. 2017). In a recent study, Tatsumi et al. (2013) reported lower type
2 diabetes incidence in Japanese men with BMI >23.6 kg/m
2 on consumption of !4
servings/week of soybean products.
1 Soybean (Glycine max)
1 1