and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose incorporated with peanut skin extract (PSE) to
release phenolic compounds. The in vitro release profile showed that within 5 min
80% of phenolic compounds were released, and the films retained 60% of the total
phenolics in the accelerated stability test. These films offer good alternative to
deliver the active compounds of the peanut skin (Adeboye et al. 2018).
The modified peanut protein isolate-based films incorporating thymol showed
increased total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus plantarum
than Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These
edible, modified peanut protein films have the potential to preserve food
products, active food packaging (Zhong et al. 2017).
4.1.10 Alternative Applications
There are various applications of peanut-derived products in the manufacturing
industry. Peanut oil can be used to make varnishes, leather lotions, lubricants,
paints/polishes, and nitroglycerin. Peanut oil is saponified to manufacture soap and
also as a constituent of cosmetics such as in lotions and creams. Peanut shell is the
major waste product after harvesting, which can be used in the manufacture of
plastic, abrasives, wallboard, paper, and glue (Schnepf 2016).
4.1.11 Future Challenges
4.1.11.1 Excessive By-Product Waste
The biggest concern with peanut agriculture is the production of excessive
by-products in the form of hulls and shells. With the gradual increase in production,
China (the largest producer of peanuts) is expected to produce annual 5 million
metric tons of peanuts per year. This also implies that the number of by-products will
also increase and create a waste disposal issue. Therefore, this must be responsibly
dealt with by either extracting useful components from the by-products or incinerating them (Zhao et al. 2012).
4.1.11.2 Global Warming
Increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts and heat waves due to climate
change has greatly affected the peanut agriculture (Hatfield and Prueger 2015).
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F. Syed et al.
release phenolic compounds. The in vitro release profile showed that within 5 min
80% of phenolic compounds were released, and the films retained 60% of the total
phenolics in the accelerated stability test. These films offer good alternative to
deliver the active compounds of the peanut skin (Adeboye et al. 2018).
The modified peanut protein isolate-based films incorporating thymol showed
increased total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus plantarum
than Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These
edible, modified peanut protein films have the potential to preserve food
products, active food packaging (Zhong et al. 2017).
4.1.10 Alternative Applications
There are various applications of peanut-derived products in the manufacturing
industry. Peanut oil can be used to make varnishes, leather lotions, lubricants,
paints/polishes, and nitroglycerin. Peanut oil is saponified to manufacture soap and
also as a constituent of cosmetics such as in lotions and creams. Peanut shell is the
major waste product after harvesting, which can be used in the manufacture of
plastic, abrasives, wallboard, paper, and glue (Schnepf 2016).
4.1.11 Future Challenges
4.1.11.1 Excessive By-Product Waste
The biggest concern with peanut agriculture is the production of excessive
by-products in the form of hulls and shells. With the gradual increase in production,
China (the largest producer of peanuts) is expected to produce annual 5 million
metric tons of peanuts per year. This also implies that the number of by-products will
also increase and create a waste disposal issue. Therefore, this must be responsibly
dealt with by either extracting useful components from the by-products or incinerating them (Zhao et al. 2012).
4.1.11.2 Global Warming
Increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts and heat waves due to climate
change has greatly affected the peanut agriculture (Hatfield and Prueger 2015).
114
F. Syed et al.