Contents
1 Energy Security and Sustainability: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1 Understanding Various Terms and Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . .
2
1.2 Energy Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
1.3 The Paradox of Energy Security and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.4 Energy Security and Access in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2 Energy Sector Progression in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1 Energy as a Commercial Entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 Part I (The Initial Phase—Coal, Oil, and Water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2.1 The First and Second Five-Year Plans (1951–1956
and 1956–1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3 Part II—The Nuclear Energy Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3.1 The Third (1961–1966), Fourth (1969–1974),
and Fifth (1974–1978) Five-Year Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4 Part III (Emergence of Renewable Sources) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.4.1 The Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980–1985) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.4.2 The Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985–1990) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.4.3 The Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992–1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.4.4 The Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997–2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.5 The Complexities of Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.5.1 The Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002–2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.5.2 The Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007–2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.5.3 The Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012–2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3 The Challenges of Energy Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.1 The Understanding and Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2 Carbon-Intensive Energy Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.3 Inconsistent Power Generation by States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
vii
1 Energy Security and Sustainability: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.1 Understanding Various Terms and Conversion Factors . . . . . . . . .
2
1.2 Energy Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
1.3 The Paradox of Energy Security and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . .
8
1.4 Energy Security and Access in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2 Energy Sector Progression in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.1 Energy as a Commercial Entity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 Part I (The Initial Phase—Coal, Oil, and Water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.2.1 The First and Second Five-Year Plans (1951–1956
and 1956–1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.3 Part II—The Nuclear Energy Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3.1 The Third (1961–1966), Fourth (1969–1974),
and Fifth (1974–1978) Five-Year Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.4 Part III (Emergence of Renewable Sources) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.4.1 The Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980–1985) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.4.2 The Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985–1990) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.4.3 The Eighth Five-Year Plan (1992–1997) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.4.4 The Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997–2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.5 The Complexities of Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.5.1 The Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002–2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.5.2 The Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2007–2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.5.3 The Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2012–2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3 The Challenges of Energy Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.1 The Understanding and Perception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.2 Carbon-Intensive Energy Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.3 Inconsistent Power Generation by States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
vii