6
1 Energy Security and Sustainability: An Overview
7.7
9.8
12.6
29.5
32.5
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.4
42.3
43
43
43.8
44.1
44.2
44.3
44.3
44.3
44.5
46.4
47.3
49.5
Fig. 1.1 Calorific value of materials used in energy generation (Gigajoule/ton) (Ref-Yearbook,
Energy Statistics 2013)
boilers) and 0.261 million tons of oil equivalent (in case of nuclear electricity) (Mason
and Mor 2009). One billion kilowatt-hour generated from hydroelectricity or wind
power, however, are considered as equivalent to 0.086 million tons of oil equivalent
since there is no intermediate stage of heat production while using these primary
energies.
A comparison of calorific value of different materials used for energy generation
is given in Fig. 1.1.
Bagasse has minimum calorific value (7.7 gigajoule per ton) whereas most of the
petroleum derivatives have calorific value in the range of 40–49 gigajoule per ton.
Fuelwood too has low calorific value less than a fourth of petroleum derivatives.
However, coal generates more energy than petroleum products and byproducts as
can be seen in Fig. 1.2.
In many poor countries of Asia and Africa, people rely heavily on thermal energy
from firewood, charcoal, plant, and animal residues as well as human and animal
energy (Srivastav 2019). Most of these sources are referred to as non-commercial (and
non-conventional), although they are often bought and sold in organized markets.
Despite their valuable contribution, neither national nor international institutions
have yet given sufficient attention to the sources of such non-commercial energy and
technologies being used, their economic and environmental consequences, or to the
development of alternatives. The acute scarcity of reliable information in this sector
calls for more attention to data gathering and research as deforestation and fuelwood
shortages have become critical and are appropriately labeled ‘the other energy crisis’
(Eckholm 1975).
In India, poverty and unprecedented rise in the population has forced a substantial part of the population to continue the use of wood, agriculture waste, and animal
waste for generating heat energy to meet the cooking and other heating requirements.
Unfortunately, this form of energy continues to be categorized as ‘unorganized and
1 Energy Security and Sustainability: An Overview
7.7
9.8
12.6
29.5
32.5
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.4
42.3
43
43
43.8
44.1
44.2
44.3
44.3
44.3
44.5
46.4
47.3
49.5
Fig. 1.1 Calorific value of materials used in energy generation (Gigajoule/ton) (Ref-Yearbook,
Energy Statistics 2013)
boilers) and 0.261 million tons of oil equivalent (in case of nuclear electricity) (Mason
and Mor 2009). One billion kilowatt-hour generated from hydroelectricity or wind
power, however, are considered as equivalent to 0.086 million tons of oil equivalent
since there is no intermediate stage of heat production while using these primary
energies.
A comparison of calorific value of different materials used for energy generation
is given in Fig. 1.1.
Bagasse has minimum calorific value (7.7 gigajoule per ton) whereas most of the
petroleum derivatives have calorific value in the range of 40–49 gigajoule per ton.
Fuelwood too has low calorific value less than a fourth of petroleum derivatives.
However, coal generates more energy than petroleum products and byproducts as
can be seen in Fig. 1.2.
In many poor countries of Asia and Africa, people rely heavily on thermal energy
from firewood, charcoal, plant, and animal residues as well as human and animal
energy (Srivastav 2019). Most of these sources are referred to as non-commercial (and
non-conventional), although they are often bought and sold in organized markets.
Despite their valuable contribution, neither national nor international institutions
have yet given sufficient attention to the sources of such non-commercial energy and
technologies being used, their economic and environmental consequences, or to the
development of alternatives. The acute scarcity of reliable information in this sector
calls for more attention to data gathering and research as deforestation and fuelwood
shortages have become critical and are appropriately labeled ‘the other energy crisis’
(Eckholm 1975).
In India, poverty and unprecedented rise in the population has forced a substantial part of the population to continue the use of wood, agriculture waste, and animal
waste for generating heat energy to meet the cooking and other heating requirements.
Unfortunately, this form of energy continues to be categorized as ‘unorganized and