4.3 Utilizing Contact Potential Difference Measurement
89
E VAC
E F
Electrically connect two
materials and move them closer
Contact potenƟal
difference = work
funcƟon difference
E VAC
E F
Fig. 4.21 Schematic illustration of the energy diagram for the generation of contact potential
difference (see text for explanation)
Fig. 4.22 Principle of Kelvin probe method (see text for explanation)
x = x 0 + x 1 sin(ωt + α)
x 1 x 0 ,
(4.14)
where is the potential difference between the reference and the specimen under
a backing potential (BP), i.e., = CPD + BP, ε is the dielectric constant of the
89
E VAC
E F
Electrically connect two
materials and move them closer
Contact potenƟal
difference = work
funcƟon difference
E VAC
E F
Fig. 4.21 Schematic illustration of the energy diagram for the generation of contact potential
difference (see text for explanation)
Fig. 4.22 Principle of Kelvin probe method (see text for explanation)
x = x 0 + x 1 sin(ωt + α)
x 1 x 0 ,
(4.14)
where is the potential difference between the reference and the specimen under
a backing potential (BP), i.e., = CPD + BP, ε is the dielectric constant of the