Michiko Yoshitake
National Institute for Materials Science
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
ISSN 2197-8891
ISSN 2197-9502 (electronic)
NIMS Monographs
ISBN 978-4-431-56896-4
ISBN 978-4-431-56898-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56898-8
© National Institute for Materials Science, Japan 2021, corrected publication 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the National Institute for Materials Science,
Japan (NIMS), whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
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protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,
neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or
omissions that may be made. NIMS and the publisher make no warranty, express or implied, with respect
to the material contained herein.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Japan KK part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: Shiroyama Trust Tower, 4-3-1 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1056005, Japan
National Institute for Materials Science
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
ISSN 2197-8891
ISSN 2197-9502 (electronic)
NIMS Monographs
ISBN 978-4-431-56896-4
ISBN 978-4-431-56898-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-56898-8
© National Institute for Materials Science, Japan 2021, corrected publication 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the National Institute for Materials Science,
Japan (NIMS), whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,
reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms, or in any other
physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer
software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this
legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied
specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by
the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the
provisions of applicable copyright laws and applicable treaties, and permission for use must always be
obtained from NIMS. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective copyright laws and treaties.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,
neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or
omissions that may be made. NIMS and the publisher make no warranty, express or implied, with respect
to the material contained herein.
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Japan KK part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: Shiroyama Trust Tower, 4-3-1 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1056005, Japan