220
A. Fainsod et al.
Lammer EJ, Chen DT, Hoar RM, Agnish ND, Benke PJ, Braun JT, Curry CJ et al (1985) Retinoic
acid embryopathy. N Engl J Med 313:837–841
Lange S, Probst C, Gmel G, Rehm J, Burd L, Popova S (2017) Global Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol
Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA
Pediatr 171:948–956
Lanska DJ (2010) Chapter 29: historical aspects of the major neurological vitamin deficiency
disorders: overview and fat-soluble vitamin A. Handb Clin Neurol 95:435–444.
Lemoine P (2012) The history of alcoholic fetopathies. J Popul Therapeutics Clin Pharmacol =
Journal de la therapeutique des populations et de la pharamcologie clinique 19:e224-6
Lemoine P, Harousseau H, Borteyru JP, Menuet JC (1968) Les enfants de parents alcooliques:
Anomalies observees a propos de 127 cas. Ouest Méd 8:476–482
Lemoine P, Harousseau H, Borteyru JP, Menuet JC (2003) Children of alcoholic parents–observed
anomalies: discussion of 127 cases. Ther Drug Monit 25:132–136
Leo MA, Kim CI, Lieber CS (1987) NAD+-dependent retinol dehydrogenase in liver microsomes.
Arch Biochem Biophys 259:241–249
Leo MA, Kim CI, Lowe N, Lieber CS (1989) Increased hepatic retinal dehydrogenase activity after
phenobarbital and ethanol administration. Biochem Pharmacol 38:97–103
Leung C, Rivera L, Furness JB, Angus PW (2016) The role of the gut microbiota in NAFLD. Nat
Rev. Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:412–425
Le H-GT, Dowling JE, Cameron DJ (2012) Early retinoic acid deprivation in developing zebrafish
results in microphthalmia. Vis Neurosci 29:219–228
Lieber CS (1999) Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS): the first 30 years (1968–1998)–a
review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23:991–1007
Lieber CS (2004) The discovery of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and its physiologic
and pathologic role. Drug Metab Rev 36:511–529
Lipinski RJ, Hammond P, O’Leary-Moore SK, Ament JJ, Pecevich SJ, Jiang Y, Budin F et al
(2012) Ethanol-induced face-brain dysmorphology patterns are correlative and exposure-stage
dependent. PLoS ONE 7:e43067
Liu Q, Gao F, Liu X, Li J, Wang Y, Han J, Wang X (2016) Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring
liver dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 294:225–231
Lohnes D, Mark M, Mendelsohn C, Dollé P, Dierich A, Gorry P, Gansmuller A et al (1994) Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (I). Craniofacial and skeletal
abnormalities in RAR double mutants. Development 120:2723–2748
Lunde ER, Washburn SE, Golding MC, Bake S, Miranda RC, Ramadoss J (2016) Alcohol-induced
developmental origins of adult-onset diseases. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 40:1403–1414
Lussier AA, Weinberg J, Kobor MS (2017) Epigenetics studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder:
where are we now? Epigenomics 9:291–311
Macayran JF, Doroshow RW, Phillips J, Sinow RM, Furst BA, Smith LM, Lin HJ (2002) PAGOD
syndrome: eighth case and comparison to animal models of congenital vitamin A deficiency. Am
J Med Genet 108:229–234
Maden M (2001) Vitamin A and the developing embryo. Postgrad Med J 77:489–491
Maden M (2007) Retinoic acid in the development, regeneration and maintenance of the nervous
system. Nat Rev Neurosci 8:755–765
Mall FP (1908) A study of the causes underlying the origin of human monsters. (Third contribution
to the study of the pathology of human embryos). J Morphol 19:1–367
Mandal C, Halder D, Jung KH, Chai YG (2018) Maternal alcohol consumption and altered miRNAs
in the developing fetus: Context and future perspectives. J Appl Toxicol 38:100–107
Marikar Y, Wang Z, Duell EA, Petkovich M, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ (1998) Retinoic acid receptors
regulate expression of retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase that specifically inactivates all-trans retinoic
acid in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. J Invest Dermatol 111:434–439
Mark M, Ghyselinck NB, Chambon P (2006) Function of retinoid nuclear receptors: lessons from
genetic and pharmacological dissections of the retinoic acid signaling pathway during mouse
embryogenesis. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 46:451–480
A. Fainsod et al.
Lammer EJ, Chen DT, Hoar RM, Agnish ND, Benke PJ, Braun JT, Curry CJ et al (1985) Retinoic
acid embryopathy. N Engl J Med 313:837–841
Lange S, Probst C, Gmel G, Rehm J, Burd L, Popova S (2017) Global Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol
Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA
Pediatr 171:948–956
Lanska DJ (2010) Chapter 29: historical aspects of the major neurological vitamin deficiency
disorders: overview and fat-soluble vitamin A. Handb Clin Neurol 95:435–444.
Lemoine P (2012) The history of alcoholic fetopathies. J Popul Therapeutics Clin Pharmacol =
Journal de la therapeutique des populations et de la pharamcologie clinique 19:e224-6
Lemoine P, Harousseau H, Borteyru JP, Menuet JC (1968) Les enfants de parents alcooliques:
Anomalies observees a propos de 127 cas. Ouest Méd 8:476–482
Lemoine P, Harousseau H, Borteyru JP, Menuet JC (2003) Children of alcoholic parents–observed
anomalies: discussion of 127 cases. Ther Drug Monit 25:132–136
Leo MA, Kim CI, Lieber CS (1987) NAD+-dependent retinol dehydrogenase in liver microsomes.
Arch Biochem Biophys 259:241–249
Leo MA, Kim CI, Lowe N, Lieber CS (1989) Increased hepatic retinal dehydrogenase activity after
phenobarbital and ethanol administration. Biochem Pharmacol 38:97–103
Leung C, Rivera L, Furness JB, Angus PW (2016) The role of the gut microbiota in NAFLD. Nat
Rev. Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:412–425
Le H-GT, Dowling JE, Cameron DJ (2012) Early retinoic acid deprivation in developing zebrafish
results in microphthalmia. Vis Neurosci 29:219–228
Lieber CS (1999) Microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS): the first 30 years (1968–1998)–a
review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 23:991–1007
Lieber CS (2004) The discovery of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and its physiologic
and pathologic role. Drug Metab Rev 36:511–529
Lipinski RJ, Hammond P, O’Leary-Moore SK, Ament JJ, Pecevich SJ, Jiang Y, Budin F et al
(2012) Ethanol-induced face-brain dysmorphology patterns are correlative and exposure-stage
dependent. PLoS ONE 7:e43067
Liu Q, Gao F, Liu X, Li J, Wang Y, Han J, Wang X (2016) Prenatal alcohol exposure and offspring
liver dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet 294:225–231
Lohnes D, Mark M, Mendelsohn C, Dollé P, Dierich A, Gorry P, Gansmuller A et al (1994) Function of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) during development (I). Craniofacial and skeletal
abnormalities in RAR double mutants. Development 120:2723–2748
Lunde ER, Washburn SE, Golding MC, Bake S, Miranda RC, Ramadoss J (2016) Alcohol-induced
developmental origins of adult-onset diseases. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 40:1403–1414
Lussier AA, Weinberg J, Kobor MS (2017) Epigenetics studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder:
where are we now? Epigenomics 9:291–311
Macayran JF, Doroshow RW, Phillips J, Sinow RM, Furst BA, Smith LM, Lin HJ (2002) PAGOD
syndrome: eighth case and comparison to animal models of congenital vitamin A deficiency. Am
J Med Genet 108:229–234
Maden M (2001) Vitamin A and the developing embryo. Postgrad Med J 77:489–491
Maden M (2007) Retinoic acid in the development, regeneration and maintenance of the nervous
system. Nat Rev Neurosci 8:755–765
Mall FP (1908) A study of the causes underlying the origin of human monsters. (Third contribution
to the study of the pathology of human embryos). J Morphol 19:1–367
Mandal C, Halder D, Jung KH, Chai YG (2018) Maternal alcohol consumption and altered miRNAs
in the developing fetus: Context and future perspectives. J Appl Toxicol 38:100–107
Marikar Y, Wang Z, Duell EA, Petkovich M, Voorhees JJ, Fisher GJ (1998) Retinoic acid receptors
regulate expression of retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase that specifically inactivates all-trans retinoic
acid in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. J Invest Dermatol 111:434–439
Mark M, Ghyselinck NB, Chambon P (2006) Function of retinoid nuclear receptors: lessons from
genetic and pharmacological dissections of the retinoic acid signaling pathway during mouse
embryogenesis. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 46:451–480