216
A. Fainsod et al.
Chawla B, Swain W, Williams AL, Bohnsack BL (2018) Retinoic acid maintains function of neural
crest-derived ocular and craniofacial structures in adult zebrafish. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci
59:1924–1935
Chen Y, Pollet N, Niehrs C, Pieler T (2001) Increased XRALDH2 activity has a posteriorizing
effect on the central nervous system of Xenopus embryos. Mech Dev 101:91–103
Chithalen JV, Luu L, Petkovich M, Jones G (2002) HPLC-MS/MS analysis of the products generated
from all-trans-retinoic acid using recombinant human CYP26A. J Lipid Res 43:1133–1142
Christoffel KK, Salafsky I (1975) Fetal alcohol syndrome in dizygotic twins. J Pediatr 87:963–967
Chudley AE (2018) Diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: current practices and future
considerations. Biochem Cell Biol (Biochim et Biol Cell) 96:231–236
Clagett-Dame M, Knutson D (2011) Vitamin A in reproduction and development. Nutrients 3:385–
428
Conlon RA, Rossant J (1992) Exogenous retinoic acid rapidly induces anterior ectopic expression
of murine Hox-2 genes in vivo. Development 116:357–368
Cook JL, Green CR, Lilley CM, Anderson SM, Baldwin ME, Chudley AE, Conry JL et al (2016)
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a guideline for diagnosis across the lifespan. Can Med Assoc J
188:191–197
Crabb DW, Matsumoto M, Chang D, You M (2004) Overview of the role of alcohol dehydrogenase
and aldehyde dehydrogenase and their variants in the genesis of alcohol-related pathology. Proc
Nutr Soc 63:49–63
Crandall JE, Goodman T, McCarthy DM, Duester G, Bhide PG, Dräger UC, McCaffery P (2011)
Retinoic acid influences neuronal migration from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex.
J Neurochem 119:723–735
Creech Kraft J, Schuh T, Juchau MR, Kimelman D (1994) Temporal distribution, localization and metabolism of all-trans-retinol, didehydroretinol and all-trans-retinal during Xenopus
development. Biochem J 301(Pt 1):111–119
Creech Kraft J, Kimelman D, Juchau MR (1995) Xenopus laevis: a model system for the study of
embryonic retinoid metabolism. II. Embryonic metabolism of all-trans-3,4-didehydroretinol to
all-trans-3,4-didehydroretinoic acid. Drug Metab Dispos: Biol Fate Chem 23:83–89
Cremin BJ, Jaffer Z (1981) Radiological aspects of the fetal alcohol syndrome. Pediatr Radiol
11:151–153
Cui J, Michaille J-J, Jiang W, Zile MH (2003) Retinoid receptors and vitamin A deficiency: differential patterns of transcription during early avian development and the rapid induction of RARs
by retinoic acid. Dev Biol 260:496–511
Das UG, Cronk CE, Martier SS, Simpson PM, McCarver DG (2004) Alcohol dehydrogenase 2*3
affects alterations in offspring facial morphology associated with maternal ethanol intake in
pregnancy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28:1598–1606
Davis-Anderson KL, Berger S, Lunde-Young ER, Naik VD, Seo H, Johnson GA, Steen H et al
(2017) Placental proteomics reveal insights into fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Clin
Exp Res 41:1551–1558
Deitrich RA, Petersen D, Vasiliou V (2007) Removal of acetaldehyde from the body. Novartis
Found Symp 285:23–40. Discussion 40
Deltour L, Ang HL, Duester G (1996) Ethanol inhibition of retinoic acid synthesis as a potential
mechanism for fetal alcohol syndrome. FASEB J: Off Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 10:1050–1057
Deltour L, Foglio MH, Duester G (1999) Metabolic deficiencies in alcohol dehydrogenase Adh1,
Adh3, and Adh4 null mutant mice. Overlapping roles of Adh1 and Adh4 in ethanol clearance
and metabolism of retinol to retinoic acid. J Biol Chem 274:16796–16801
Denny L, Coles S, Blitz R (2017) Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Am
Fam Phys 96:515–522
de Roos K, Sonneveld E, Compaan B, ten Berge D, Durston AJ, van der Saag PT (1999) Expression
of retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase (CYP26) during mouse and Xenopus laevis embryogenesis. Mech
Dev 82:205–211
A. Fainsod et al.
Chawla B, Swain W, Williams AL, Bohnsack BL (2018) Retinoic acid maintains function of neural
crest-derived ocular and craniofacial structures in adult zebrafish. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci
59:1924–1935
Chen Y, Pollet N, Niehrs C, Pieler T (2001) Increased XRALDH2 activity has a posteriorizing
effect on the central nervous system of Xenopus embryos. Mech Dev 101:91–103
Chithalen JV, Luu L, Petkovich M, Jones G (2002) HPLC-MS/MS analysis of the products generated
from all-trans-retinoic acid using recombinant human CYP26A. J Lipid Res 43:1133–1142
Christoffel KK, Salafsky I (1975) Fetal alcohol syndrome in dizygotic twins. J Pediatr 87:963–967
Chudley AE (2018) Diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: current practices and future
considerations. Biochem Cell Biol (Biochim et Biol Cell) 96:231–236
Clagett-Dame M, Knutson D (2011) Vitamin A in reproduction and development. Nutrients 3:385–
428
Conlon RA, Rossant J (1992) Exogenous retinoic acid rapidly induces anterior ectopic expression
of murine Hox-2 genes in vivo. Development 116:357–368
Cook JL, Green CR, Lilley CM, Anderson SM, Baldwin ME, Chudley AE, Conry JL et al (2016)
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: a guideline for diagnosis across the lifespan. Can Med Assoc J
188:191–197
Crabb DW, Matsumoto M, Chang D, You M (2004) Overview of the role of alcohol dehydrogenase
and aldehyde dehydrogenase and their variants in the genesis of alcohol-related pathology. Proc
Nutr Soc 63:49–63
Crandall JE, Goodman T, McCarthy DM, Duester G, Bhide PG, Dräger UC, McCaffery P (2011)
Retinoic acid influences neuronal migration from the ganglionic eminence to the cerebral cortex.
J Neurochem 119:723–735
Creech Kraft J, Schuh T, Juchau MR, Kimelman D (1994) Temporal distribution, localization and metabolism of all-trans-retinol, didehydroretinol and all-trans-retinal during Xenopus
development. Biochem J 301(Pt 1):111–119
Creech Kraft J, Kimelman D, Juchau MR (1995) Xenopus laevis: a model system for the study of
embryonic retinoid metabolism. II. Embryonic metabolism of all-trans-3,4-didehydroretinol to
all-trans-3,4-didehydroretinoic acid. Drug Metab Dispos: Biol Fate Chem 23:83–89
Cremin BJ, Jaffer Z (1981) Radiological aspects of the fetal alcohol syndrome. Pediatr Radiol
11:151–153
Cui J, Michaille J-J, Jiang W, Zile MH (2003) Retinoid receptors and vitamin A deficiency: differential patterns of transcription during early avian development and the rapid induction of RARs
by retinoic acid. Dev Biol 260:496–511
Das UG, Cronk CE, Martier SS, Simpson PM, McCarver DG (2004) Alcohol dehydrogenase 2*3
affects alterations in offspring facial morphology associated with maternal ethanol intake in
pregnancy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28:1598–1606
Davis-Anderson KL, Berger S, Lunde-Young ER, Naik VD, Seo H, Johnson GA, Steen H et al
(2017) Placental proteomics reveal insights into fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Clin
Exp Res 41:1551–1558
Deitrich RA, Petersen D, Vasiliou V (2007) Removal of acetaldehyde from the body. Novartis
Found Symp 285:23–40. Discussion 40
Deltour L, Ang HL, Duester G (1996) Ethanol inhibition of retinoic acid synthesis as a potential
mechanism for fetal alcohol syndrome. FASEB J: Off Publ Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 10:1050–1057
Deltour L, Foglio MH, Duester G (1999) Metabolic deficiencies in alcohol dehydrogenase Adh1,
Adh3, and Adh4 null mutant mice. Overlapping roles of Adh1 and Adh4 in ethanol clearance
and metabolism of retinol to retinoic acid. J Biol Chem 274:16796–16801
Denny L, Coles S, Blitz R (2017) Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Am
Fam Phys 96:515–522
de Roos K, Sonneveld E, Compaan B, ten Berge D, Durston AJ, van der Saag PT (1999) Expression
of retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase (CYP26) during mouse and Xenopus laevis embryogenesis. Mech
Dev 82:205–211