8 Open-Circuit Voltage in Organic Solar Cells
215
13. Vandewal, K., Himmelberger, S., Salleo, A.: Structural factors that affect the performance of
organic bulk heterojunction solar cells. Macromolecules 46, 6379–6387 (2013)
14. Benduhn, J., Tvingstedt, K., Piersimoni, F., Ullbrich, S., Fan, Y., Tropiano, M., McGarry,
K.A., Zeika, O., Riede, M.K., Douglas, C.J., Barlow, S., Marder, S.R., Neher, D., Spoltore, D.,
Vandewal, K.: Intrinsic non-radiative voltage losses in fullerene-based organic solar cells. Nat.
Energy 2, 17053 (2017)
15. Shintaku, N., Hiramoto, M., Izawa, S.: Effect of trap-assisted recombination on open-circuit
voltage loss in phthalocyanine/fullerene solar cells. Org. Electron. 55, 69–74 (2018)
16. Scharber, M.C., Wuhlbacher, D., Koppe, M., Denk, P., Waldauf, C., Heeger, A.J., Brabec, C.L.:
Design rules for donors in bulk-heterojunction solar cells—towards 10% energy-conversion
efficiency. Adv. Mater. 18, 789–794 (2006)
17. Yoshida, H.: Near-ultraviolet inverse photoemission spectroscopy using ultra-low energy
electrons. Chem. Phys. Lett. 539–540, 180–185 (2012)
18. Izawa, S., Shintaku, N., Hiramoto, M.: Effect of band bending and energy level alignment at
the donor/acceptor interface on open-circuit voltage in organic solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
9, 2914–2918 (2018)
19. Street, R.A., Hawks, S.A., Khlyabich, P.P., Li, G., Schwartz, B.J., Thompson, B.C., Yang, Y.:
Electronic structure and transition energies in polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunctions. J. Phys.
Chem. C 118, 21873–21883 (2014)
20. Izawa, S., Nakano, K., Suzuki, K., Hashimoto, K., Tajima, K.: Dominant effects of first
monolayer energetics at donor/acceptor interfaces on organic photovoltaics. Adv. Mater. 27,
3025–3031 (2015)
21. Sze, S.M.: Physics of semiconductor devices (2005)
22. Zhong, Y., Tada, A., Izawa, S., Hashimoto, K., Tajima, K.: Enhancement of V OC without loss
of J SC in organic solar cells by modification of donor/acceptor interfaces. Adv. Energy Mater.
4, 1301332 (2014)
23. Vandewal, K., Tvingstedt, K., Gadisa, A., Inganas, O., Manca, J.V.: On the origin of the opencircuit voltage of polymer–fullerene solar cells. Nature Mater. 8, 904–909 (2009)
24. Vandewal, K., Tvingstedt, K., Gadisa, A., Inganas, O., Manca, J.V.: Relating the open-circuit
voltage to interface molecular properties of donor:acceptor bulk heterojunction solar cells.
Phys. Rev. B 81, 125204 (2010)
25. Shockley, W., Queisser, H.J.: Detailed balance limit of efficiency of pn junction solar cells. J.
Appl. Phys. 32, 510–519 (1961)
26. Yang, J.-P., Bussolotti, F., Kera, S., Ueno, N.: Origin and role of gap states in organic semiconductor studied by UPS: as the nature of organic molecular crystals. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.
50, 423002 (2017)
27. Shintaku, N., Hiramoto, M., Izawa, S.: Doping for controlling open-circuit voltage in organic
solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 5248–5253 (2018)
28. Izawa, S., Perrot, A., Lee, J., Hiramoto, M.: Organic pnhomojunction solar cell. Org. Electron.
71, 45–49 (2019)
29. Horlet, M., Kraus, M., Brütting, W., Opitz, A.: Diindenoperylene as ambipolar semiconductor:influence of electrode materials and mobility asymmetry in organicfield-effect
transistors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 233304 (2011)
30. Lee, J., Perrot, A., Hiramoto, M., Izawa, S.: Photoconversion mechanism at the pnHomojunctionInterface in single organic semiconductor. Materials 13, 1727 (2020)
31. Hegedus, S.S., Shafarman, W.N.: Thin-film solar cells: device measurementsand analysis. Prog.
Photovolt. Res. Appl. 12, 155–176 (2004)
32. Burke, T.M., Sweetnam, S., Vandewal, K., McGehee, M.D.: Beyond Langevin recombination:
How equilibrium between free carriers and charge transfer states determines the open-circuit
voltage of organic solar Cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 5, 1500123 (2015)
33. Wei, Q., Tajima, K., Tong, Y., Ye, S., Hashimoto, K.: Surface-segregated monolayers: a new
type of ordered monolayer for surface modification of organic semiconductors. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 131, 17597 (2009)
215
13. Vandewal, K., Himmelberger, S., Salleo, A.: Structural factors that affect the performance of
organic bulk heterojunction solar cells. Macromolecules 46, 6379–6387 (2013)
14. Benduhn, J., Tvingstedt, K., Piersimoni, F., Ullbrich, S., Fan, Y., Tropiano, M., McGarry,
K.A., Zeika, O., Riede, M.K., Douglas, C.J., Barlow, S., Marder, S.R., Neher, D., Spoltore, D.,
Vandewal, K.: Intrinsic non-radiative voltage losses in fullerene-based organic solar cells. Nat.
Energy 2, 17053 (2017)
15. Shintaku, N., Hiramoto, M., Izawa, S.: Effect of trap-assisted recombination on open-circuit
voltage loss in phthalocyanine/fullerene solar cells. Org. Electron. 55, 69–74 (2018)
16. Scharber, M.C., Wuhlbacher, D., Koppe, M., Denk, P., Waldauf, C., Heeger, A.J., Brabec, C.L.:
Design rules for donors in bulk-heterojunction solar cells—towards 10% energy-conversion
efficiency. Adv. Mater. 18, 789–794 (2006)
17. Yoshida, H.: Near-ultraviolet inverse photoemission spectroscopy using ultra-low energy
electrons. Chem. Phys. Lett. 539–540, 180–185 (2012)
18. Izawa, S., Shintaku, N., Hiramoto, M.: Effect of band bending and energy level alignment at
the donor/acceptor interface on open-circuit voltage in organic solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett.
9, 2914–2918 (2018)
19. Street, R.A., Hawks, S.A., Khlyabich, P.P., Li, G., Schwartz, B.J., Thompson, B.C., Yang, Y.:
Electronic structure and transition energies in polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunctions. J. Phys.
Chem. C 118, 21873–21883 (2014)
20. Izawa, S., Nakano, K., Suzuki, K., Hashimoto, K., Tajima, K.: Dominant effects of first
monolayer energetics at donor/acceptor interfaces on organic photovoltaics. Adv. Mater. 27,
3025–3031 (2015)
21. Sze, S.M.: Physics of semiconductor devices (2005)
22. Zhong, Y., Tada, A., Izawa, S., Hashimoto, K., Tajima, K.: Enhancement of V OC without loss
of J SC in organic solar cells by modification of donor/acceptor interfaces. Adv. Energy Mater.
4, 1301332 (2014)
23. Vandewal, K., Tvingstedt, K., Gadisa, A., Inganas, O., Manca, J.V.: On the origin of the opencircuit voltage of polymer–fullerene solar cells. Nature Mater. 8, 904–909 (2009)
24. Vandewal, K., Tvingstedt, K., Gadisa, A., Inganas, O., Manca, J.V.: Relating the open-circuit
voltage to interface molecular properties of donor:acceptor bulk heterojunction solar cells.
Phys. Rev. B 81, 125204 (2010)
25. Shockley, W., Queisser, H.J.: Detailed balance limit of efficiency of pn junction solar cells. J.
Appl. Phys. 32, 510–519 (1961)
26. Yang, J.-P., Bussolotti, F., Kera, S., Ueno, N.: Origin and role of gap states in organic semiconductor studied by UPS: as the nature of organic molecular crystals. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys.
50, 423002 (2017)
27. Shintaku, N., Hiramoto, M., Izawa, S.: Doping for controlling open-circuit voltage in organic
solar cells. J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 5248–5253 (2018)
28. Izawa, S., Perrot, A., Lee, J., Hiramoto, M.: Organic pnhomojunction solar cell. Org. Electron.
71, 45–49 (2019)
29. Horlet, M., Kraus, M., Brütting, W., Opitz, A.: Diindenoperylene as ambipolar semiconductor:influence of electrode materials and mobility asymmetry in organicfield-effect
transistors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 233304 (2011)
30. Lee, J., Perrot, A., Hiramoto, M., Izawa, S.: Photoconversion mechanism at the pnHomojunctionInterface in single organic semiconductor. Materials 13, 1727 (2020)
31. Hegedus, S.S., Shafarman, W.N.: Thin-film solar cells: device measurementsand analysis. Prog.
Photovolt. Res. Appl. 12, 155–176 (2004)
32. Burke, T.M., Sweetnam, S., Vandewal, K., McGehee, M.D.: Beyond Langevin recombination:
How equilibrium between free carriers and charge transfer states determines the open-circuit
voltage of organic solar Cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 5, 1500123 (2015)
33. Wei, Q., Tajima, K., Tong, Y., Ye, S., Hashimoto, K.: Surface-segregated monolayers: a new
type of ordered monolayer for surface modification of organic semiconductors. J. Am. Chem.
Soc. 131, 17597 (2009)