6 Charge Carrier Dynamics in Polymer Solar Cells
153
41. Veldman, D., Meskers, S.C.J., Janssen, R.A.: The energy of charge-transfer states in electron
donor–acceptor blends: Insight into the energy losses in organic solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater.
19, 1939–1948 (2009)
42. Wang, Y., Qian, D., Cui, Y., Zhang, H., Hou, J., Vandewal, K., Kirchartz, T., Gao, F.: Optical
gaps of organic solar cells as a reference for comparing voltage losses. Adv. Energy Mater. 8,
1801352 (2018)
43. Xu, H., Wada, T., Ohkita, H., Benten, H., Ito, S.: Molecular design of near-IR dyes with
different surface energy for selective loading to the heterojunction in blend films. Sci. Rep. 5,
9321 (2015)
44. Guo, J., Ohkita, H., Yokoya, S., Benten, H., Ito, S.: Bimodal polarons and hole transport in
poly(3-hexylthiophene):fullerene blend films. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 9631–9637 (2010)
45. Fukuhara, T., Osaka, M., Tamai, Y., Ohkita, H., Benten, H., Ito, S.: Reduced bimolecular
recombination in polymer solar cells. J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol. 29, 575–580 (2016)
46. Fukuhara, T., Tamai, Y., Osaka, I., Ohkita, H.: Bimolecular recombination and fill factor in
crystalline polymer solar cells. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 57, 08RE01 (2018)
47. Nelson, J.: Diffusion-limited recombination in polymer–fullerene blends and its influence on
photocurrent collection. Phys. Rev. B 67, 155209 (2003)
48. Tachiya, M., Seki, K.: Theory of bulk electron–hole recombination in a medium with energetic
disorder. Phys. Rev. B 82, 085201 (2010)
49. Koster, L.J.A., Mihailetchi, V.D., Blom, P.W.M.: Bimolecular recombination in
polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 052104 (2006)
50. Pivrikas, A., Juška, G., Mozer, A., Scharber, M., Arlauskas, K., Sariciftici, N.S., Stubb, H.,
Österbacka, R.: Bimolecular recombination coefficient as a sensitive testing parameter for
low-mobility solar-cell materials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 176806 (2005)
51. Chen, D., Nakahara, A., Wei, D., Nordlund, D., Russell, T.P.: P3HT/PCBM bulk heterojunction
organic photovoltaics: correlating efficiency and morphology. Nano Lett. 11, 561–567 (2011)
52. Salleo, A., Kline, R.J., DeLongchamp, D.M., Chabinyc, M.L.: Microstructural characterization
and charge transport in thin films of conjugated polymers. Adv. Mater. 22, 3812–3838 (2010)
53. Motaung, D.E., Malgas, G.F., Arendse, C.J.: Correlation between the morphology and photophysical properties of P3HT:fullerene blends. J. Mater. Sci. 45, 3276–3283 (2010)
54. Chen, H.-Y., Hou, J., Hayden, A.E., Yang, H., Houk, K.N., Yang, Y.: Silicon atom substitution
enhances interchain packing in a thiophene-based polymer system. Adv. Mater. 22, 371–375
(2010)
55. Guilbert, A.A., Frost, J.M., Agostinelli, T., Pires, E., Lilliu, S., Macdonald, J.E., Nelson,
J.: Influence of bridging atom and side chains on the structure and crystallinity of
cyclopentadithiophene-bennzothiadiazole polymers. Chem. Mater. 26, 1226–1233 (2014)
56. Ohkita, H., Cook, S., Astuti, Y., Duffy, W., Tierney, S., Zhang, W., Heeney, M., McCulloch, I.,
Nelson, J., Bradley, D.D.C., Durrant, J.R.: Charge carrier formation in polythiophene/fullerene
blend films studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 3030–3042
(2008)
57. Clarke, T.M., Durrant, J.R.: Charge photogeneration in organic solar cells. Chem. Rev. 110,
6736–6767 (2010)
58. Gregg, B.A.: Entropy of charge separation in organic photovoltaic cells: The benefit of higher
dimensionality. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 3013–3015 (2011)
59. Deibel, C., Strobel, T., Dyakonov, V.: Origin of the efficient polaron-pair dissociation in
polymer-fullerene blends. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 036402 (2009)
60. Savoie, B.M., Rao, A., Bakulin, A.A., Gelinas, S., Movaghar, B., Friend, R.H., Marks, T.J.,
Ratner, M.A.: Unequal partnership: asymmetric roles of polymeric donor and fullerene acceptor
in generating free charge. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 2876–2884 (2014)
61. Gélinas, S., Rao, A., Kumar, A., Smith, S.L., Chin, A.W., Clark, J., van der Poll, T.S.,
Bazan, G.C., Friend, R.H.: Ultrafast long-range charge separation in organic semiconductor
photovoltaic diodes. Science 343, 512–516 (2014)
62. Li, G., Shrotriya, V., Huang, J., Yao, Y., Moriarty, T., Emery, K., Yang, Y.: High-efficiency
solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends. Nat.
Mater. 4, 864–868 (2005)
153
41. Veldman, D., Meskers, S.C.J., Janssen, R.A.: The energy of charge-transfer states in electron
donor–acceptor blends: Insight into the energy losses in organic solar cells. Adv. Funct. Mater.
19, 1939–1948 (2009)
42. Wang, Y., Qian, D., Cui, Y., Zhang, H., Hou, J., Vandewal, K., Kirchartz, T., Gao, F.: Optical
gaps of organic solar cells as a reference for comparing voltage losses. Adv. Energy Mater. 8,
1801352 (2018)
43. Xu, H., Wada, T., Ohkita, H., Benten, H., Ito, S.: Molecular design of near-IR dyes with
different surface energy for selective loading to the heterojunction in blend films. Sci. Rep. 5,
9321 (2015)
44. Guo, J., Ohkita, H., Yokoya, S., Benten, H., Ito, S.: Bimodal polarons and hole transport in
poly(3-hexylthiophene):fullerene blend films. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 9631–9637 (2010)
45. Fukuhara, T., Osaka, M., Tamai, Y., Ohkita, H., Benten, H., Ito, S.: Reduced bimolecular
recombination in polymer solar cells. J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol. 29, 575–580 (2016)
46. Fukuhara, T., Tamai, Y., Osaka, I., Ohkita, H.: Bimolecular recombination and fill factor in
crystalline polymer solar cells. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 57, 08RE01 (2018)
47. Nelson, J.: Diffusion-limited recombination in polymer–fullerene blends and its influence on
photocurrent collection. Phys. Rev. B 67, 155209 (2003)
48. Tachiya, M., Seki, K.: Theory of bulk electron–hole recombination in a medium with energetic
disorder. Phys. Rev. B 82, 085201 (2010)
49. Koster, L.J.A., Mihailetchi, V.D., Blom, P.W.M.: Bimolecular recombination in
polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 052104 (2006)
50. Pivrikas, A., Juška, G., Mozer, A., Scharber, M., Arlauskas, K., Sariciftici, N.S., Stubb, H.,
Österbacka, R.: Bimolecular recombination coefficient as a sensitive testing parameter for
low-mobility solar-cell materials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 176806 (2005)
51. Chen, D., Nakahara, A., Wei, D., Nordlund, D., Russell, T.P.: P3HT/PCBM bulk heterojunction
organic photovoltaics: correlating efficiency and morphology. Nano Lett. 11, 561–567 (2011)
52. Salleo, A., Kline, R.J., DeLongchamp, D.M., Chabinyc, M.L.: Microstructural characterization
and charge transport in thin films of conjugated polymers. Adv. Mater. 22, 3812–3838 (2010)
53. Motaung, D.E., Malgas, G.F., Arendse, C.J.: Correlation between the morphology and photophysical properties of P3HT:fullerene blends. J. Mater. Sci. 45, 3276–3283 (2010)
54. Chen, H.-Y., Hou, J., Hayden, A.E., Yang, H., Houk, K.N., Yang, Y.: Silicon atom substitution
enhances interchain packing in a thiophene-based polymer system. Adv. Mater. 22, 371–375
(2010)
55. Guilbert, A.A., Frost, J.M., Agostinelli, T., Pires, E., Lilliu, S., Macdonald, J.E., Nelson,
J.: Influence of bridging atom and side chains on the structure and crystallinity of
cyclopentadithiophene-bennzothiadiazole polymers. Chem. Mater. 26, 1226–1233 (2014)
56. Ohkita, H., Cook, S., Astuti, Y., Duffy, W., Tierney, S., Zhang, W., Heeney, M., McCulloch, I.,
Nelson, J., Bradley, D.D.C., Durrant, J.R.: Charge carrier formation in polythiophene/fullerene
blend films studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 3030–3042
(2008)
57. Clarke, T.M., Durrant, J.R.: Charge photogeneration in organic solar cells. Chem. Rev. 110,
6736–6767 (2010)
58. Gregg, B.A.: Entropy of charge separation in organic photovoltaic cells: The benefit of higher
dimensionality. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2, 3013–3015 (2011)
59. Deibel, C., Strobel, T., Dyakonov, V.: Origin of the efficient polaron-pair dissociation in
polymer-fullerene blends. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 036402 (2009)
60. Savoie, B.M., Rao, A., Bakulin, A.A., Gelinas, S., Movaghar, B., Friend, R.H., Marks, T.J.,
Ratner, M.A.: Unequal partnership: asymmetric roles of polymeric donor and fullerene acceptor
in generating free charge. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 2876–2884 (2014)
61. Gélinas, S., Rao, A., Kumar, A., Smith, S.L., Chin, A.W., Clark, J., van der Poll, T.S.,
Bazan, G.C., Friend, R.H.: Ultrafast long-range charge separation in organic semiconductor
photovoltaic diodes. Science 343, 512–516 (2014)
62. Li, G., Shrotriya, V., Huang, J., Yao, Y., Moriarty, T., Emery, K., Yang, Y.: High-efficiency
solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends. Nat.
Mater. 4, 864–868 (2005)