250 N. H. NGUYEN ET AL.
(FIT) of US$0.0935 US/kWh. The locations of the large-scale solar PV
farms are mostly concentrated in the South due to its high solar radiation
(Table 11.1).
Wind Energy. According to the World Bank’s wind potential assessment conducted in 2000, Vietnam’s wind energy potential is estimated at
513,360 MW. The most promising areas for wind power development are
in the coastal areas and highlands of south-central and southern Vietnam.
8.6% of Vietnam’s land area has wind energy potential ranging from
“high” to “very high” (i.e., wind speeds above 7 m/s), which is suitable
for large-scale wind turbine deployment (World Bank 2010). In 2012, the
Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) in cooperation with the German
Agency for Development Cooperation (GIZ) conducted wind assessment
at 10 sites in the Central Highlands and Central Coast at altitudes ranging
from 40 to 80 m. The potential of wind energy at an altitude of 80 m is
presented in Table 11.2.
Wind energy has been used in Vietnam for many years, for water
pumping and power generation in rural, remote, and isolated areas. Since
the 1990s, the Institute of Energy (IE) has designed and installed off-grid
wind turbines in the capacity range of 50–500 W. More recently, Vietnam’s wind power technology has progressed with the transfer of foreign
technology and the installation of large-scale wind power equipment (IE
2012). By June 2019, the total installed wind power capacity in Vietnam
reached nearly 200 MW, mainly composed of large-scale wind farms along
the coast of the Southern region.
Biomass Energy
As a country with a large agricultural sector, Vietnam has great potential for biomass. The main types of biomass are wood, crop residue and
by-products, livestock manure, municipal waste, and other organic waste.
The sustainable production of biomass for energy production in Vietnam
amounts to 100–150 million tons per year. Some types of biomass can
be exploited for electricity generation or energy (electricity and heat)
production, including crop residues (rice husks, straw, bagasse, etc.),
municipal solid waste, livestock manure, and other organic wastes from
agro-forestry-fishery processing industries (Zwebe 2012; Nguyen 2012).
The distribution of crop residues varies among localities. Taking rice
straw as an example, volume is highest in the provinces of An Giang, Kien
Giang, Dong Thap, and Long An. Notably, the amount of straw in An
(FIT) of US$0.0935 US/kWh. The locations of the large-scale solar PV
farms are mostly concentrated in the South due to its high solar radiation
(Table 11.1).
Wind Energy. According to the World Bank’s wind potential assessment conducted in 2000, Vietnam’s wind energy potential is estimated at
513,360 MW. The most promising areas for wind power development are
in the coastal areas and highlands of south-central and southern Vietnam.
8.6% of Vietnam’s land area has wind energy potential ranging from
“high” to “very high” (i.e., wind speeds above 7 m/s), which is suitable
for large-scale wind turbine deployment (World Bank 2010). In 2012, the
Ministry of Industry and Trade (MOIT) in cooperation with the German
Agency for Development Cooperation (GIZ) conducted wind assessment
at 10 sites in the Central Highlands and Central Coast at altitudes ranging
from 40 to 80 m. The potential of wind energy at an altitude of 80 m is
presented in Table 11.2.
Wind energy has been used in Vietnam for many years, for water
pumping and power generation in rural, remote, and isolated areas. Since
the 1990s, the Institute of Energy (IE) has designed and installed off-grid
wind turbines in the capacity range of 50–500 W. More recently, Vietnam’s wind power technology has progressed with the transfer of foreign
technology and the installation of large-scale wind power equipment (IE
2012). By June 2019, the total installed wind power capacity in Vietnam
reached nearly 200 MW, mainly composed of large-scale wind farms along
the coast of the Southern region.
Biomass Energy
As a country with a large agricultural sector, Vietnam has great potential for biomass. The main types of biomass are wood, crop residue and
by-products, livestock manure, municipal waste, and other organic waste.
The sustainable production of biomass for energy production in Vietnam
amounts to 100–150 million tons per year. Some types of biomass can
be exploited for electricity generation or energy (electricity and heat)
production, including crop residues (rice husks, straw, bagasse, etc.),
municipal solid waste, livestock manure, and other organic wastes from
agro-forestry-fishery processing industries (Zwebe 2012; Nguyen 2012).
The distribution of crop residues varies among localities. Taking rice
straw as an example, volume is highest in the provinces of An Giang, Kien
Giang, Dong Thap, and Long An. Notably, the amount of straw in An