195
Wang, C. S., & Lin, C. H. (1999). Synthesis and properties of phosphorus-containing epoxy resins
by novel method. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 37(21), 3903–3909.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(19991101)37:21<3903::aid-pola4>3.0.co;2-x.
Wang, C. S., & Lin, C. H. (2001). Epoxy resin rendered flame retardant by reaction with
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. U.S. Patent No. 6,291,627.
Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Available in: https://patents.google.com/
patent/us6291627b1/en
Wang, X., & Wang, D. Y. (2017). Fire-retardant polylactic acid-based materials: Preparation, properties, and mechanism. In D.-Y. Wang (Ed.), Novel fire retardant polymers and composite materials (pp. 93–116). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100136-3.00004-2.
Wang, W. J., Perng, L. H., Hsiue, G. H., & Chang, F. C. (2000). Characterization and properties
of new silicone-containing epoxy resin. Polymer, 41(16), 6113–6122. https://doi.org/10.1016/
s0032-3861(99)00790-9.
Wang, D. Y., Song, Y. P., Lin, L., Wang, X. L., & Wang, Y. Z. (2011). A novel phosphoruscontaining poly(lactic acid) toward its flame retardation. Polymer, 52(2), 233–238. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.023.
Wang, H., Wang, S., Du, X., Wang, H., Cheng, X., & Du, Z. (2019). Synthesis of a novel flame
retardant based on DOPO derivatives and its application in waterborne polyurethane. RSC
Advances, 9(13), 7411–7419. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra09838g.
Wazarkar, K., Kathalewar, M., & Sabnis, A. (2015). Improvement in flame retardancy of polyurethane dispersions by newer reactive flame retardant. Progress in Organic Coatings, 87, 75–82.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.05.016.
Weil, E. D., & Levchik, S. (2004). A review of current flame retardant systems for epoxy resins.
Journal of Fire Sciences, 22(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904104038107.
Wendels, S., Chavez, T., Bonnet, M., Salmeia, K., & Gaan, S. (2017). Recent developments in
organophosphorus flame retardants containing PC bond and their applications. Materials,
10(7), 784. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10070784.
Xiao, L., Sun, D. C., Niu, T. L., & Yao, Y. W. (2014). Syntheses of two dopo-based reactive additives
as flame retardants and co-curing agents for epoxy resins. Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and
the Related Elements, 189(10), 1564–1571. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426507.2014.884092.
Xie, C., Zeng, B., Gao, H., Xu, Y., Luo, W., Liu, X., & Dai, L. (2014). Improving thermal and
flame-retardant properties of epoxy resins by a novel reactive phosphorous-containing curing
agent. Polymer Engineering & Science, 54(5), 1192–1200. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.23642.
Xie, F., Zhang, T., Bryant, P., Kurusingal, V., Colwell, J. M., & Laycock, B. (2019). Degradation
and stabilization of polyurethane elastomers. Progress in Polymer Science, 90, 211–268.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.12.003.
Xu, W., Wirasaputra, A., Liu, S., Yuan, Y., & Zhao, J. (2015). Highly effective flame retarded epoxy
resin cured by DOPO-based co-curing agent. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 122, 44–51.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.012.
Yao, K. D., Han, W., & Han, D. (1992). Flame-retarding modification of nylon 6 textile. Journal of
Applied Polymer Science, 46(3), 467–470. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070460312.
Yuan, X. Y., Wang, D. Y., Chen, L., Wang, X. L., & Wang, Y. Z. (2011). Inherent flame retardation of bio-based poly(lactic acid) by incorporating phosphorus linked pendent group into the
backbone. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 96(9), 1669–1675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
polymdegradstab.2011.06.012.
Zhang, X. H., Liu, F., Chen, S., & Qi, G. R. (2007). Novel flame retardant thermosets from
nitrogen- containing and phosphorus-containing epoxy resins cured with dicyandiamide.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 106(4), 2391–2397. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.26698.
Zhang, C., Bhoyate, S., Ionescu, M., Kahol, P. K., & Gupta, R. K. (2018). Highly flame retardant
and bio-based rigid polyurethane foams derived from orange peel oil. Polymer Engineering &
Science, 58(11), 2078–2087. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.24819.
8 Flame Retardancy of Reactive and Functional Polymers
Wang, C. S., & Lin, C. H. (1999). Synthesis and properties of phosphorus-containing epoxy resins
by novel method. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 37(21), 3903–3909.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(19991101)37:21<3903::aid-pola4>3.0.co;2-x.
Wang, C. S., & Lin, C. H. (2001). Epoxy resin rendered flame retardant by reaction with
9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. U.S. Patent No. 6,291,627.
Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Available in: https://patents.google.com/
patent/us6291627b1/en
Wang, X., & Wang, D. Y. (2017). Fire-retardant polylactic acid-based materials: Preparation, properties, and mechanism. In D.-Y. Wang (Ed.), Novel fire retardant polymers and composite materials (pp. 93–116). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-100136-3.00004-2.
Wang, W. J., Perng, L. H., Hsiue, G. H., & Chang, F. C. (2000). Characterization and properties
of new silicone-containing epoxy resin. Polymer, 41(16), 6113–6122. https://doi.org/10.1016/
s0032-3861(99)00790-9.
Wang, D. Y., Song, Y. P., Lin, L., Wang, X. L., & Wang, Y. Z. (2011). A novel phosphoruscontaining poly(lactic acid) toward its flame retardation. Polymer, 52(2), 233–238. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.023.
Wang, H., Wang, S., Du, X., Wang, H., Cheng, X., & Du, Z. (2019). Synthesis of a novel flame
retardant based on DOPO derivatives and its application in waterborne polyurethane. RSC
Advances, 9(13), 7411–7419. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra09838g.
Wazarkar, K., Kathalewar, M., & Sabnis, A. (2015). Improvement in flame retardancy of polyurethane dispersions by newer reactive flame retardant. Progress in Organic Coatings, 87, 75–82.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2015.05.016.
Weil, E. D., & Levchik, S. (2004). A review of current flame retardant systems for epoxy resins.
Journal of Fire Sciences, 22(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734904104038107.
Wendels, S., Chavez, T., Bonnet, M., Salmeia, K., & Gaan, S. (2017). Recent developments in
organophosphorus flame retardants containing PC bond and their applications. Materials,
10(7), 784. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10070784.
Xiao, L., Sun, D. C., Niu, T. L., & Yao, Y. W. (2014). Syntheses of two dopo-based reactive additives
as flame retardants and co-curing agents for epoxy resins. Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and
the Related Elements, 189(10), 1564–1571. https://doi.org/10.1080/10426507.2014.884092.
Xie, C., Zeng, B., Gao, H., Xu, Y., Luo, W., Liu, X., & Dai, L. (2014). Improving thermal and
flame-retardant properties of epoxy resins by a novel reactive phosphorous-containing curing
agent. Polymer Engineering & Science, 54(5), 1192–1200. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.23642.
Xie, F., Zhang, T., Bryant, P., Kurusingal, V., Colwell, J. M., & Laycock, B. (2019). Degradation
and stabilization of polyurethane elastomers. Progress in Polymer Science, 90, 211–268.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.12.003.
Xu, W., Wirasaputra, A., Liu, S., Yuan, Y., & Zhao, J. (2015). Highly effective flame retarded epoxy
resin cured by DOPO-based co-curing agent. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 122, 44–51.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.012.
Yao, K. D., Han, W., & Han, D. (1992). Flame-retarding modification of nylon 6 textile. Journal of
Applied Polymer Science, 46(3), 467–470. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070460312.
Yuan, X. Y., Wang, D. Y., Chen, L., Wang, X. L., & Wang, Y. Z. (2011). Inherent flame retardation of bio-based poly(lactic acid) by incorporating phosphorus linked pendent group into the
backbone. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 96(9), 1669–1675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
polymdegradstab.2011.06.012.
Zhang, X. H., Liu, F., Chen, S., & Qi, G. R. (2007). Novel flame retardant thermosets from
nitrogen- containing and phosphorus-containing epoxy resins cured with dicyandiamide.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 106(4), 2391–2397. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.26698.
Zhang, C., Bhoyate, S., Ionescu, M., Kahol, P. K., & Gupta, R. K. (2018). Highly flame retardant
and bio-based rigid polyurethane foams derived from orange peel oil. Polymer Engineering &
Science, 58(11), 2078–2087. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.24819.
8 Flame Retardancy of Reactive and Functional Polymers