216
M. H. Köhler et al.
77. Baek Y, Kim C, Seo DK, Kim T, Lee JS, Kim YH, Ahn KH, Bae SS, Lee SC, Lim J,
Lee K, Yoon J (2014) High performance and antifouling vertically aligned carbon nanotube
membrane for water purification. J Membr Sci 460:171–177
78. Lee B, Baek Y, Lee M, Jeong DH, Lee HH, Yoon J, Kim YH (2015) A carbon nanotube wall
membrane for water treatment. Nat Commun 6:7109
79. Ahn CH, Baek Y, Lee C, Kim SO, Kim S, Lee S, Kim S-H, Bae SS, Park J, Yoon J (2012)
Carbon nanotube-based membranes: fabrication and application to desalination. J Ind Eng
Chem 18:1551–1559
80. Francis AP, Devasena T (2018) Toxicity of carbon nanotubes: a review. Toxicol Ind Health
34:200–210
81. Kim HJ, Choi K, Baek Y, Kim D-G, Shim J, Yoon J, Lee J-C (2014) High-performance reverse
osmosis CNT/polyamide nanocomposite membrane by controlled interfacial interactions.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:2819–2829
82. Komsa H-P, Kotakoski J, Kurasch S, Lehtinen O, Kaiser U, Krasheninnikov AV (2012) Twodimensional transition metal dichalcogenides under electron irradiation: defect production
and doping. Phys Rev Lett 109:
83. Chen J, Ryu GH, Zhang Q, Wen Y, Tai K-L, Lu Y, Warner JH (2019) Spatially controlled
fabrication and mechanisms of atomically thin nanowell patterns in bilayer WS 2 using in situ
high temperature electron microscopy. ACS Nano 13:14486–14499
84. Madauß L, Ochedowski O, Lebius H, Ban-d’Etat B, Naylor CH, Johnson ATC, Kotakoski J,
Schleberger M (2016) Defect engineering of single- and few-layer MoS 2 by swift heavy ion
irradiation. 2D Mater 4:015034
85. Kozubek R, Tripathi M, Ghorbani-Asl M, Kretschmer S, Madauß L, Pollmann E, O’Brien M,
McEvoy N, Ludacka U, Susi T, Duesberg GS, Wilhelm RA, Krasheninnikov AV, Kotakoski
J, Schleberger M (2019) Perforating freestanding molybdenum disulfide monolayers with
highly charged ions. J Phys Chem Lett 10:904–910
86. Feng J, Liu K, Graf M, Lihter M, Bulushev RD, Dumcenco D, Alexander DTL, Krasnozhon
D, Vuletic T, Kis A, Radenovic A (2015) Electrochemical reaction in single layer MoS 2 :
nanopores opened atom by atom. Nano Lett 15:3431–3438
87. Hong J, Hu Z, Probert M, Li K, Lv D, Yang X, Gu L, Mao N, Feng Q, Xie L, Zhang J,
Wu D, Zhang Z, Jin C, Ji W, Zhang X, Yuan J, Zhang Z (2015) Exploring atomic defects in
molybdenum disulphide monolayers. Nat Commun 6:6293
88. Lehtinen O, Komsa H-P, Pulkin A, Whitwick MB, Chen M-W, Lehnert T, Mohn MJ, Yazyev
OV, Kis A, Kaiser U, Krasheninnikov AV (2015) Atomic scale microstructure and properties
of Se-deficient two-dimensional MoSe 2. ACS Nano 9:3274–3283
89. Azizi A, Zou X, Ercius P, Zhang Z, El´ ıas AL, Perea-López N, Stone G, Terrones M, Yakobson
BI, Alem N (2014) Dislocation motion and grain boundary migration in two-dimensional
tungsten disulphide. Nat. Commun. 5:4867
90. Nan H, Wang Z, Wang W, Liang Z, Lu Y, Chen Q, He D, Tan P, Miao F, Wang X, Wang J, Ni
Z (2014) Strong photoluminescence enhancement of MoS 2 through defect engineering and
oxygen bonding. ACS Nano 8:5738–5745
91. Lin K-I, Ho Y-H, Liu S-B, Ciou J-J, Huang B-T, Chen C, Chang H-C, Tu C-L, Chen C-H
(2018) Atom-dependent edge-enhanced second-harmonic generation on MoS 2 monolayers.
Nano Lett 18:793–797
92. Yin X, Ye Z, Chenet DA, Ye Y, O’Brien K, Hone JC, Zhang X (2014) Edge nonlinear optics
on a MoS 2 atomic monolayer. Science 344:488–490
93. Karvonen L, Säynätjoki A, Huttunen MJ, Autere A, Amirsolaimani B, Li S, Norwood RA,
Peyghambarian N, Lipsanen H, Eda G, Kieu K, Sun Z (2017) Rapid visualization of grain
boundaries in monolayer MoS 2 by multiphoton microscopy. Nat Commun 8:15714
94. Carvalho BR, Wang Y, Fujisawa K, Zhang T, Kahn E, Bilgin I, Ajayan PM, de Paula AM,
Pimenta MA, Kar S, Crespi VH, Terrones M, Malard LM (2020) Nonlinear dark-field imaging
of one-dimensional defects in monolayer dichalcogenides. Nano Lett 20:284–291
95. Cohen-Tanugi D, McGovern RK, Dave SH, Lienhard JH, Grossman JC (2014) Quantifying the
potential of ultra-permeable membranes for water desalination. Energy Environ Sci 7:1134–
1141
M. H. Köhler et al.
77. Baek Y, Kim C, Seo DK, Kim T, Lee JS, Kim YH, Ahn KH, Bae SS, Lee SC, Lim J,
Lee K, Yoon J (2014) High performance and antifouling vertically aligned carbon nanotube
membrane for water purification. J Membr Sci 460:171–177
78. Lee B, Baek Y, Lee M, Jeong DH, Lee HH, Yoon J, Kim YH (2015) A carbon nanotube wall
membrane for water treatment. Nat Commun 6:7109
79. Ahn CH, Baek Y, Lee C, Kim SO, Kim S, Lee S, Kim S-H, Bae SS, Park J, Yoon J (2012)
Carbon nanotube-based membranes: fabrication and application to desalination. J Ind Eng
Chem 18:1551–1559
80. Francis AP, Devasena T (2018) Toxicity of carbon nanotubes: a review. Toxicol Ind Health
34:200–210
81. Kim HJ, Choi K, Baek Y, Kim D-G, Shim J, Yoon J, Lee J-C (2014) High-performance reverse
osmosis CNT/polyamide nanocomposite membrane by controlled interfacial interactions.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6:2819–2829
82. Komsa H-P, Kotakoski J, Kurasch S, Lehtinen O, Kaiser U, Krasheninnikov AV (2012) Twodimensional transition metal dichalcogenides under electron irradiation: defect production
and doping. Phys Rev Lett 109:
83. Chen J, Ryu GH, Zhang Q, Wen Y, Tai K-L, Lu Y, Warner JH (2019) Spatially controlled
fabrication and mechanisms of atomically thin nanowell patterns in bilayer WS 2 using in situ
high temperature electron microscopy. ACS Nano 13:14486–14499
84. Madauß L, Ochedowski O, Lebius H, Ban-d’Etat B, Naylor CH, Johnson ATC, Kotakoski J,
Schleberger M (2016) Defect engineering of single- and few-layer MoS 2 by swift heavy ion
irradiation. 2D Mater 4:015034
85. Kozubek R, Tripathi M, Ghorbani-Asl M, Kretschmer S, Madauß L, Pollmann E, O’Brien M,
McEvoy N, Ludacka U, Susi T, Duesberg GS, Wilhelm RA, Krasheninnikov AV, Kotakoski
J, Schleberger M (2019) Perforating freestanding molybdenum disulfide monolayers with
highly charged ions. J Phys Chem Lett 10:904–910
86. Feng J, Liu K, Graf M, Lihter M, Bulushev RD, Dumcenco D, Alexander DTL, Krasnozhon
D, Vuletic T, Kis A, Radenovic A (2015) Electrochemical reaction in single layer MoS 2 :
nanopores opened atom by atom. Nano Lett 15:3431–3438
87. Hong J, Hu Z, Probert M, Li K, Lv D, Yang X, Gu L, Mao N, Feng Q, Xie L, Zhang J,
Wu D, Zhang Z, Jin C, Ji W, Zhang X, Yuan J, Zhang Z (2015) Exploring atomic defects in
molybdenum disulphide monolayers. Nat Commun 6:6293
88. Lehtinen O, Komsa H-P, Pulkin A, Whitwick MB, Chen M-W, Lehnert T, Mohn MJ, Yazyev
OV, Kis A, Kaiser U, Krasheninnikov AV (2015) Atomic scale microstructure and properties
of Se-deficient two-dimensional MoSe 2. ACS Nano 9:3274–3283
89. Azizi A, Zou X, Ercius P, Zhang Z, El´ ıas AL, Perea-López N, Stone G, Terrones M, Yakobson
BI, Alem N (2014) Dislocation motion and grain boundary migration in two-dimensional
tungsten disulphide. Nat. Commun. 5:4867
90. Nan H, Wang Z, Wang W, Liang Z, Lu Y, Chen Q, He D, Tan P, Miao F, Wang X, Wang J, Ni
Z (2014) Strong photoluminescence enhancement of MoS 2 through defect engineering and
oxygen bonding. ACS Nano 8:5738–5745
91. Lin K-I, Ho Y-H, Liu S-B, Ciou J-J, Huang B-T, Chen C, Chang H-C, Tu C-L, Chen C-H
(2018) Atom-dependent edge-enhanced second-harmonic generation on MoS 2 monolayers.
Nano Lett 18:793–797
92. Yin X, Ye Z, Chenet DA, Ye Y, O’Brien K, Hone JC, Zhang X (2014) Edge nonlinear optics
on a MoS 2 atomic monolayer. Science 344:488–490
93. Karvonen L, Säynätjoki A, Huttunen MJ, Autere A, Amirsolaimani B, Li S, Norwood RA,
Peyghambarian N, Lipsanen H, Eda G, Kieu K, Sun Z (2017) Rapid visualization of grain
boundaries in monolayer MoS 2 by multiphoton microscopy. Nat Commun 8:15714
94. Carvalho BR, Wang Y, Fujisawa K, Zhang T, Kahn E, Bilgin I, Ajayan PM, de Paula AM,
Pimenta MA, Kar S, Crespi VH, Terrones M, Malard LM (2020) Nonlinear dark-field imaging
of one-dimensional defects in monolayer dichalcogenides. Nano Lett 20:284–291
95. Cohen-Tanugi D, McGovern RK, Dave SH, Lienhard JH, Grossman JC (2014) Quantifying the
potential of ultra-permeable membranes for water desalination. Energy Environ Sci 7:1134–
1141