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M. H. Köhler et al.
32. Raman RKS, Banerjee PC, Lobo DE, Gullapalli H, Sumandasa M, Kumar A, Choudhary
L, Tkacz R, Ajayan PM, Majumder M (2012) Protecting copper from electrochemical
degradation by graphene coating. Carbon 50:4040–4045
33. Xu G-R, Xu J-M, Su H-C, Liu X-Y, Lu-Li, Zhao H-L, Feng H-J, Das R (2019) Twodimensional (2D) nanoporous membranes with sub-nanopores in reverse osmosis desalination: latest developments and future directions. Desalination 451:18–34
34. Li X, Zheng Z, Liu X, Zhao S, Liu S (2015) Nanostructured photoelectrochemical biosensor
for highly sensitive detection of organophosphorous pesticides. Biosens Bioelectron 64:1–5
35. Chhowalla M, Shin HS, Eda G, Li L-J, Loh KP, Zhang H (2014) The chemistry of two
dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Nat Chem 5:263–275
36. Kam KK, Parkinson BA (1982) Detailed photocurrent spectroscopy of the semiconducting
group VIB transition metal dichalcogenides. J Phys Chem 86:463–467
37. Lopez-Sanchez O, Lembke D, Kayci M, Radenovic A, Kis A (2013) Ultrasensitive
photodetectors based on monolayer MoS 2 . Nat Nanotech 8:497–501
38. Tongay S, Zhou J, Ataca C, Lo K, Matthews TS, Li J, Grossman JC, Wu J (2012) Thermally
driven crossover from indirect toward direct bandgap in 2D semiconductors: MoSe 2 versus
MoS 2 . Nano Lett 12:5576–5580
39. Ohta T, Bostwick A, Seyller T, Horn K, Rotenberg E (2006) Controlling the electronic structure
of bilayer graphene. Science 313:951–954
40. Cao Y, Fatemi V, Fang S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kaxiras E, Jarillo-Herrero P (2018)
Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices. Nature 556:43–50
41. Buscema M, Groenendijk DJ, Blanter SI, Steele GA, van der Zant HSJ, Castellanos-Gomez
A (2014) Fast and broadband photoresponse of few-layer black phosphorus field-effect
transistors. Nano Lett 14:3347–3352
42. Li H, Wu J, Huang X, Lu G, Yang J, Lu X, Xiong Q, Zhang H (2013) Rapid and reliable
thickness identification of two-dimensional nanosheets using optical microscopy. ACS Nano
7:10344–10353
43. Lide DR (ed) (2000) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 81st edn. CRC Press, Boca
Raton, FL
44. Liu K-K, Zhang W, Lee Y-H, Lin Y-C, Chang M-T, Su C-Y, Chang C-S, Li H, Shi Y, Zhang
H, Lai C-S, Li L-J (2012) Growth of large-area and highly crystalline MoS 2 thin layers on
insulating substrates. Nano Lett 12:1538–1544
45. Yoon J, Park W, Bae G-Y, Kim Y, Jang HS, Hyun Y, Lim SK, Kahng YH, Hong W-K, Lee
BH, Ko HC (2013) Highly flexible and transparent multilayer MoS 2 transistors with graphene
electrodes. Small 9:3295–3300
46. Salvatore GA, Münzenrieder N, Barraud C, Petti L, Zysset C, Büthe L, Ensslin K, Tröster
G (2013) Fabrication and transfer of flexible few-layers MoS 2 thin film transistors to any
arbitrary substrate. ACS Nano 7:8809–8815
47. Kalanyan B, Kimes WA, Beams R, Stranick SJ, Garratt E, Kalish I, Davydov AV, Kanjolia
RK, Maslar JE (2017) Rapid wafer-scale growth of polycrystalline 2H-MoS2 by pulsed metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Chem Mater 29:6279–6288
48. Zeng H, Liu G-B, Dai J, Yan Y, Zhu B, He R, Xie L, Xu S, Chen X, Yao W, Cui X (2013)
Optical signature of symmetry variations and spin-valley coupling in atomically thin tungsten
dichalcogenides. Sci Rep 3:1608
49. Voiry D, Yamaguchi H, Li J, Silva R, Alves DCB, Fujita T, Chen M, Asefa T, Shenoy VB, Eda
G, Chhowalla M (2013) Enhanced catalytic activity in strained chemically exfoliated WS 2
nanosheets for hydrogen evolution. Nat Mater 12:850–855
50. Okada M, Sawazaki T, Watanabe K, Taniguch T, Hibino H, Shinohara H, Kitaura R (2014)
Direct chemical vapor deposition growth of WS2 atomic layers on hexagonal boron nitride.
ACS Nano 8:8273–8277
51. Zhu H, Wang Y, Xiao J, Liu M, Xiong S, Wong ZJ, Ye Z, Ye Y, Yin X, Zhang X (2015)
Observation of piezoelectricity in free-standing monolayer MoS 2 . Nat Nanotech 10:151–155
52. Liu K, Feng J, Kis A, Radenovic A (2014) Atomically thin molybdenum disulfide nanopores
with high sensitivity for DNA translocation. ACS Nano 8:2504–2511
M. H. Köhler et al.
32. Raman RKS, Banerjee PC, Lobo DE, Gullapalli H, Sumandasa M, Kumar A, Choudhary
L, Tkacz R, Ajayan PM, Majumder M (2012) Protecting copper from electrochemical
degradation by graphene coating. Carbon 50:4040–4045
33. Xu G-R, Xu J-M, Su H-C, Liu X-Y, Lu-Li, Zhao H-L, Feng H-J, Das R (2019) Twodimensional (2D) nanoporous membranes with sub-nanopores in reverse osmosis desalination: latest developments and future directions. Desalination 451:18–34
34. Li X, Zheng Z, Liu X, Zhao S, Liu S (2015) Nanostructured photoelectrochemical biosensor
for highly sensitive detection of organophosphorous pesticides. Biosens Bioelectron 64:1–5
35. Chhowalla M, Shin HS, Eda G, Li L-J, Loh KP, Zhang H (2014) The chemistry of two
dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Nat Chem 5:263–275
36. Kam KK, Parkinson BA (1982) Detailed photocurrent spectroscopy of the semiconducting
group VIB transition metal dichalcogenides. J Phys Chem 86:463–467
37. Lopez-Sanchez O, Lembke D, Kayci M, Radenovic A, Kis A (2013) Ultrasensitive
photodetectors based on monolayer MoS 2 . Nat Nanotech 8:497–501
38. Tongay S, Zhou J, Ataca C, Lo K, Matthews TS, Li J, Grossman JC, Wu J (2012) Thermally
driven crossover from indirect toward direct bandgap in 2D semiconductors: MoSe 2 versus
MoS 2 . Nano Lett 12:5576–5580
39. Ohta T, Bostwick A, Seyller T, Horn K, Rotenberg E (2006) Controlling the electronic structure
of bilayer graphene. Science 313:951–954
40. Cao Y, Fatemi V, Fang S, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kaxiras E, Jarillo-Herrero P (2018)
Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices. Nature 556:43–50
41. Buscema M, Groenendijk DJ, Blanter SI, Steele GA, van der Zant HSJ, Castellanos-Gomez
A (2014) Fast and broadband photoresponse of few-layer black phosphorus field-effect
transistors. Nano Lett 14:3347–3352
42. Li H, Wu J, Huang X, Lu G, Yang J, Lu X, Xiong Q, Zhang H (2013) Rapid and reliable
thickness identification of two-dimensional nanosheets using optical microscopy. ACS Nano
7:10344–10353
43. Lide DR (ed) (2000) CRC handbook of chemistry and physics, 81st edn. CRC Press, Boca
Raton, FL
44. Liu K-K, Zhang W, Lee Y-H, Lin Y-C, Chang M-T, Su C-Y, Chang C-S, Li H, Shi Y, Zhang
H, Lai C-S, Li L-J (2012) Growth of large-area and highly crystalline MoS 2 thin layers on
insulating substrates. Nano Lett 12:1538–1544
45. Yoon J, Park W, Bae G-Y, Kim Y, Jang HS, Hyun Y, Lim SK, Kahng YH, Hong W-K, Lee
BH, Ko HC (2013) Highly flexible and transparent multilayer MoS 2 transistors with graphene
electrodes. Small 9:3295–3300
46. Salvatore GA, Münzenrieder N, Barraud C, Petti L, Zysset C, Büthe L, Ensslin K, Tröster
G (2013) Fabrication and transfer of flexible few-layers MoS 2 thin film transistors to any
arbitrary substrate. ACS Nano 7:8809–8815
47. Kalanyan B, Kimes WA, Beams R, Stranick SJ, Garratt E, Kalish I, Davydov AV, Kanjolia
RK, Maslar JE (2017) Rapid wafer-scale growth of polycrystalline 2H-MoS2 by pulsed metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Chem Mater 29:6279–6288
48. Zeng H, Liu G-B, Dai J, Yan Y, Zhu B, He R, Xie L, Xu S, Chen X, Yao W, Cui X (2013)
Optical signature of symmetry variations and spin-valley coupling in atomically thin tungsten
dichalcogenides. Sci Rep 3:1608
49. Voiry D, Yamaguchi H, Li J, Silva R, Alves DCB, Fujita T, Chen M, Asefa T, Shenoy VB, Eda
G, Chhowalla M (2013) Enhanced catalytic activity in strained chemically exfoliated WS 2
nanosheets for hydrogen evolution. Nat Mater 12:850–855
50. Okada M, Sawazaki T, Watanabe K, Taniguch T, Hibino H, Shinohara H, Kitaura R (2014)
Direct chemical vapor deposition growth of WS2 atomic layers on hexagonal boron nitride.
ACS Nano 8:8273–8277
51. Zhu H, Wang Y, Xiao J, Liu M, Xiong S, Wong ZJ, Ye Z, Ye Y, Yin X, Zhang X (2015)
Observation of piezoelectricity in free-standing monolayer MoS 2 . Nat Nanotech 10:151–155
52. Liu K, Feng J, Kis A, Radenovic A (2014) Atomically thin molybdenum disulfide nanopores
with high sensitivity for DNA translocation. ACS Nano 8:2504–2511