160
C. Sun et al.
20. Das R (2019) Polymeric materials for clean water. Polymer and composite materials. Springer,
Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00743-0
21. Chian ESK, Chen JP, Sheng P-X, Ting Y-P, Wang LK (2007) Reverse osmosis technology for desalination. In: Advanced physicochemical treatment technologies. handbook of
environmental engineering. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-173-4_6
22. Xu G-R, Xu J-M, Su H-C, Liu X-Y, Lu L, Zhao H-L, Feng H-J, Das R (2019) Twodimensional (2D) nanoporous membranes with sub-nanopores in reverse osmosis desalination:
latest developments and future directions. Desalination 451:18–34
23. Strathmann H (2010) Electrodialysis, a mature technology with a multitude of new applications.
Desalination 264(3):268–288
24. Sint K, Wang B, Kral P (2008) Selective ion passage through functionalized graphene
nanopores. J Am Chem Soc 130(49):16448
25. Suk ME, Aluru NR (2010) Water transport through ultrathin graphene. J Phys Chemis Lett
1(10):1590–1594
26. Cohen-Tanugi D, Grossman JC (2014) Water permeability of nanoporous graphene at realistic
pressures for reverse osmosis desalination. J Chem Phys 141(7):074704
27. Surwade SP, Smirnov SN, Vlassiouk IV, Unocic RR, Veith GM, Dai S, Mahurin SM (2015)
Water desalination using nanoporous single-layer graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 10(5):459–464
28. Rollings RC, Kuan AT, Golovchenko JA (2016) Ion selectivity of graphene nanopores. Nat
Commun 7:11408
29. Hui Zhang BLM-SW, Zhou K, Law AW-K (2017) Transport of salty water through graphene
bilayer in an electric field: a molecular dynamics study. Comput Mater Sci 131:100–107
30. Azamat J, Khataee A, Joo SW (2014) Functionalized graphene as a nanostructured membrane
for removal of copper and mercury from aqueous solution: a molecular dynamics simulation
study. J Mol Graph Model 53:112–117
31. Fu Y, Guo X, Wang Y, Wang X, Xue J (2019) An atomically-thin graphene reverse
electrodialysis system for efficient energy harvesting from salinity gradient. Nano Energy
57:783–790
32. Sun C, Bai B (2017) Molecular sieving through a graphene nanopore: non-equilibrium
molecular dynamics simulation. Sci Bulln 62(8):554–562
33. O’Hern SC, Jang D, Bose S, Idrobo J-C, Song Y, Laoui T, Kong J, Karnik R (2015) Nanofiltration across defect-sealed nanoporous monolayer graphene. Nano Lett 15(5):3254–3260
34. O’Hern SC, Stewart CA, Boutilier MSH, Idrobo J-C, Bhaviripudi S, Das SK, Kong J, Laoui
T, Atieh M, Karnik R (2012) Selective molecular transport through intrinsic defects in a single
layer of CVD graphene. ACS Nano 6(11):10130–10138
35. Kim S, Song Y, Ibsen S, Ko S-Y, Heller MJ (2016) Controlled degrees of oxidation of
nanoporous graphene filters for water purification using an aqueous arc discharge. Carbon
109:624–631
36. Kafiah FM, Khan Z, Ibrahim A, Karnik R, Atieh M, Laoui T (2016) Monolayer graphene
transfer onto polypropylene and polyvinylidenedifluoride microfiltration membranes for water
desalination. Desalination 388:29–37
37. Li Z, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Qian L, Tian L, Bai J, Qi W, Yao H, Gao B, Liu J, Wu W, Qiu H
(2016) Selective separation of metal ions via monolayer nanoporous graphene with carboxyl
groups. Anal Chem 88(20):10002–10010
38. Wei G, Quan X, Chen S, Yu H (2017) Superpermeable atomic-thin graphene membranes with
high selectivity. ACS Nano 11(2):1920–1926
39. Celebi K, Buchheim J, Wyss RM, Droudian A, Gasser P, Shorubalko I, Kye J-I, Lee C, Park HG
(2014) Ultimate permeation across atomically thin porous graphene. Science 344(6181):289–
292
40. Zhao J, He G, Huang S, Villalobos LF, Dakhchoune M, Bassas H, Agrawal KV (2019)
Etching gas-sieving nanopores in single-layer graphene with an angstrom precision for
high-performance gas mixture separation. Sci Adv 5(1):eaav1851
41. Kidambi PR, Mariappan DD, Dee NT, Vyatskikh A, Zhang S, Karnik R, Hart AJ (2018)
A scalable route to nanoporous large-area atomically thin graphene membranes by roll-to-roll
C. Sun et al.
20. Das R (2019) Polymeric materials for clean water. Polymer and composite materials. Springer,
Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00743-0
21. Chian ESK, Chen JP, Sheng P-X, Ting Y-P, Wang LK (2007) Reverse osmosis technology for desalination. In: Advanced physicochemical treatment technologies. handbook of
environmental engineering. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-173-4_6
22. Xu G-R, Xu J-M, Su H-C, Liu X-Y, Lu L, Zhao H-L, Feng H-J, Das R (2019) Twodimensional (2D) nanoporous membranes with sub-nanopores in reverse osmosis desalination:
latest developments and future directions. Desalination 451:18–34
23. Strathmann H (2010) Electrodialysis, a mature technology with a multitude of new applications.
Desalination 264(3):268–288
24. Sint K, Wang B, Kral P (2008) Selective ion passage through functionalized graphene
nanopores. J Am Chem Soc 130(49):16448
25. Suk ME, Aluru NR (2010) Water transport through ultrathin graphene. J Phys Chemis Lett
1(10):1590–1594
26. Cohen-Tanugi D, Grossman JC (2014) Water permeability of nanoporous graphene at realistic
pressures for reverse osmosis desalination. J Chem Phys 141(7):074704
27. Surwade SP, Smirnov SN, Vlassiouk IV, Unocic RR, Veith GM, Dai S, Mahurin SM (2015)
Water desalination using nanoporous single-layer graphene. Nat Nanotechnol 10(5):459–464
28. Rollings RC, Kuan AT, Golovchenko JA (2016) Ion selectivity of graphene nanopores. Nat
Commun 7:11408
29. Hui Zhang BLM-SW, Zhou K, Law AW-K (2017) Transport of salty water through graphene
bilayer in an electric field: a molecular dynamics study. Comput Mater Sci 131:100–107
30. Azamat J, Khataee A, Joo SW (2014) Functionalized graphene as a nanostructured membrane
for removal of copper and mercury from aqueous solution: a molecular dynamics simulation
study. J Mol Graph Model 53:112–117
31. Fu Y, Guo X, Wang Y, Wang X, Xue J (2019) An atomically-thin graphene reverse
electrodialysis system for efficient energy harvesting from salinity gradient. Nano Energy
57:783–790
32. Sun C, Bai B (2017) Molecular sieving through a graphene nanopore: non-equilibrium
molecular dynamics simulation. Sci Bulln 62(8):554–562
33. O’Hern SC, Jang D, Bose S, Idrobo J-C, Song Y, Laoui T, Kong J, Karnik R (2015) Nanofiltration across defect-sealed nanoporous monolayer graphene. Nano Lett 15(5):3254–3260
34. O’Hern SC, Stewart CA, Boutilier MSH, Idrobo J-C, Bhaviripudi S, Das SK, Kong J, Laoui
T, Atieh M, Karnik R (2012) Selective molecular transport through intrinsic defects in a single
layer of CVD graphene. ACS Nano 6(11):10130–10138
35. Kim S, Song Y, Ibsen S, Ko S-Y, Heller MJ (2016) Controlled degrees of oxidation of
nanoporous graphene filters for water purification using an aqueous arc discharge. Carbon
109:624–631
36. Kafiah FM, Khan Z, Ibrahim A, Karnik R, Atieh M, Laoui T (2016) Monolayer graphene
transfer onto polypropylene and polyvinylidenedifluoride microfiltration membranes for water
desalination. Desalination 388:29–37
37. Li Z, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Qian L, Tian L, Bai J, Qi W, Yao H, Gao B, Liu J, Wu W, Qiu H
(2016) Selective separation of metal ions via monolayer nanoporous graphene with carboxyl
groups. Anal Chem 88(20):10002–10010
38. Wei G, Quan X, Chen S, Yu H (2017) Superpermeable atomic-thin graphene membranes with
high selectivity. ACS Nano 11(2):1920–1926
39. Celebi K, Buchheim J, Wyss RM, Droudian A, Gasser P, Shorubalko I, Kye J-I, Lee C, Park HG
(2014) Ultimate permeation across atomically thin porous graphene. Science 344(6181):289–
292
40. Zhao J, He G, Huang S, Villalobos LF, Dakhchoune M, Bassas H, Agrawal KV (2019)
Etching gas-sieving nanopores in single-layer graphene with an angstrom precision for
high-performance gas mixture separation. Sci Adv 5(1):eaav1851
41. Kidambi PR, Mariappan DD, Dee NT, Vyatskikh A, Zhang S, Karnik R, Hart AJ (2018)
A scalable route to nanoporous large-area atomically thin graphene membranes by roll-to-roll