7
operation of the alliance, both the US and its allies displayed a positive approach
toward giving up their own short-term and rigid goals to the benefit of the whole
(Gilpin 1987:343).
For the neorealists, for the superiority and supremacy of an internationally hegemonic status, control over the four categories of resources is necessary: (1) control
over world raw materials, including energy; (2) control over world capital resources;
(3) control in world markets; and (4) control over the production of high valueadded goods. In this connection, the main players with a hegemonic status, namely
Russia, China, and the US, are aware that this new structure is based on military
power, it is in the form of economic and technology transfer, and the focus of diplomacy is not only on focusing on political and military affairs but also on concentration (Luttwak 1998:12). They also work on economic interactions, they are trying
hard to use energy as a means of exercising power, as well as the purpose of power
and gaining realistic wealth, in order to consolidate its material hegemonic elements
on the world economy by preventing the pattern of political behavior (Luttwak
1998:12).
The realism paradigm is based on the existence of integrated state actors, i.e.,
national governments. Based on this paradigm, governments are defined as the main
players in determining the relationship of energy at the international level; in other
words, governments are reluctant to transfer energy supplies to international oil
companies, free market mechanisms, or international organizations. For example,
state-owned oil companies control 85% of global oil reserves and 70–80% of gas
reserves. Under the current global climate, oil and gas exporters increase their control over energy sources and operate outside the global energy market. Currently,
the exporters declare their national energy industries and provide a smaller space for
the private economic zone and international investors, and also use energy as a
means to develop foreign policy (Umbach 2011:4).
Realism’s paradigm considers states as rational actors in the international system. Rational behavior is defined as a behavior that serves the national interests of
governments. The national interests of governments are defined as gaining wealth,
power, and survival. In this framework, energy resources are seen as both wealth
and as an element in maximizing the power of the state. The rational behavior of
each government in relation to energy resources is defined and determined by the
need for these resources. Thus, the amount of production and consumption by each
state has a decisive role in its foreign policy behavior. In the global energy structure,
there are three different types of governments: energy producers, transferring governments, and consumer countries. In general, rational behavior is defined for consumers and transferring countries as a behavior that provides sufficient access to
energy resources at tolerable prices (Winzer 2012:36).
Morgenthau is particularly concerned with the influence of energy resources in
foreign policy. In his view, a primary constitutive element of power is natural
resources that are divided into food and raw materials. Morgenthau says: “Those
natural resources that are important for industrial production, and especially for
warfare, are important” (Morgenthau 1973:110–111).
Kenneth Waltz
operation of the alliance, both the US and its allies displayed a positive approach
toward giving up their own short-term and rigid goals to the benefit of the whole
(Gilpin 1987:343).
For the neorealists, for the superiority and supremacy of an internationally hegemonic status, control over the four categories of resources is necessary: (1) control
over world raw materials, including energy; (2) control over world capital resources;
(3) control in world markets; and (4) control over the production of high valueadded goods. In this connection, the main players with a hegemonic status, namely
Russia, China, and the US, are aware that this new structure is based on military
power, it is in the form of economic and technology transfer, and the focus of diplomacy is not only on focusing on political and military affairs but also on concentration (Luttwak 1998:12). They also work on economic interactions, they are trying
hard to use energy as a means of exercising power, as well as the purpose of power
and gaining realistic wealth, in order to consolidate its material hegemonic elements
on the world economy by preventing the pattern of political behavior (Luttwak
1998:12).
The realism paradigm is based on the existence of integrated state actors, i.e.,
national governments. Based on this paradigm, governments are defined as the main
players in determining the relationship of energy at the international level; in other
words, governments are reluctant to transfer energy supplies to international oil
companies, free market mechanisms, or international organizations. For example,
state-owned oil companies control 85% of global oil reserves and 70–80% of gas
reserves. Under the current global climate, oil and gas exporters increase their control over energy sources and operate outside the global energy market. Currently,
the exporters declare their national energy industries and provide a smaller space for
the private economic zone and international investors, and also use energy as a
means to develop foreign policy (Umbach 2011:4).
Realism’s paradigm considers states as rational actors in the international system. Rational behavior is defined as a behavior that serves the national interests of
governments. The national interests of governments are defined as gaining wealth,
power, and survival. In this framework, energy resources are seen as both wealth
and as an element in maximizing the power of the state. The rational behavior of
each government in relation to energy resources is defined and determined by the
need for these resources. Thus, the amount of production and consumption by each
state has a decisive role in its foreign policy behavior. In the global energy structure,
there are three different types of governments: energy producers, transferring governments, and consumer countries. In general, rational behavior is defined for consumers and transferring countries as a behavior that provides sufficient access to
energy resources at tolerable prices (Winzer 2012:36).
Morgenthau is particularly concerned with the influence of energy resources in
foreign policy. In his view, a primary constitutive element of power is natural
resources that are divided into food and raw materials. Morgenthau says: “Those
natural resources that are important for industrial production, and especially for
warfare, are important” (Morgenthau 1973:110–111).
Kenneth Waltz