xxi
Transit Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
TANAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4 George W. Bush Energy Diplomacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
George W. Bush Energy Diplomacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Oil Price After the 2001 Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Economic Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Fluctuations in the Dollar Exchange Rate and Oil Price Changes . . . . . 126
US Crude Consumption and Oil Price Volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Political Economy of Oil from the US Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
George W. Bush Energy Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Outlining the Challenges Facing US Energy Demands . . . . . . . . . . . 132
“Energy Task Force” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
National Energy Policy (NEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
US Energy Policy in the Caspian Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Post 9/11 US Foreign Policy in Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
The US Special Envoy for Eurasian Energy Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5 US Energy Diplomacy Under the Obama Administration . . . . . . . . 147
US Energy Diplomacy Under the Obama Administration . . . . . . . . . . . 148
The Main Pillars of the 2010 Obama Energy Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
All-of-the-Above Energy Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Energy Diplomacy in the Department of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Obama and Oil Export Ban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Obama, Southern Gas Corridor, and Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
US–Azerbaijan Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Obama Administration and US LNG Exports to the EU . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Obama, Central Asia, and Caspian Sea Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
US Contacts with Caspian Sea Leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
The Creation of the C5+1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Political Economy of US Oil Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Oil Doctrine Under Obama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Continuity Between Bush and Obama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
US Biggest Mistakes in Caspian Energy Diplomacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
The Reset Policy and Its Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Shale Gas Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Shale Gas Revolution and US Foreign Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Shale Gas and National Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Shale Gas Revolution and International Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
US Energy Policy and Shale Gas Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Shale Gas, the US, and the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Shale Gas and Iran Sanctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
The Challenges Toward Development of Shale Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Hillary Clinton’s Pivot to Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
US New Silk Road and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Contents
Transit Pipelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
TANAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4 George W. Bush Energy Diplomacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
George W. Bush Energy Diplomacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Oil Price After the 2001 Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Economic Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Fluctuations in the Dollar Exchange Rate and Oil Price Changes . . . . . 126
US Crude Consumption and Oil Price Volatility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Political Economy of Oil from the US Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
George W. Bush Energy Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Outlining the Challenges Facing US Energy Demands . . . . . . . . . . . 132
“Energy Task Force” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
National Energy Policy (NEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
US Energy Policy in the Caspian Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Post 9/11 US Foreign Policy in Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
The US Special Envoy for Eurasian Energy Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5 US Energy Diplomacy Under the Obama Administration . . . . . . . . 147
US Energy Diplomacy Under the Obama Administration . . . . . . . . . . . 148
The Main Pillars of the 2010 Obama Energy Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
All-of-the-Above Energy Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Energy Diplomacy in the Department of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Obama and Oil Export Ban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Obama, Southern Gas Corridor, and Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
US–Azerbaijan Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Obama Administration and US LNG Exports to the EU . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Obama, Central Asia, and Caspian Sea Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
US Contacts with Caspian Sea Leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
The Creation of the C5+1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Political Economy of US Oil Companies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Oil Doctrine Under Obama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Continuity Between Bush and Obama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
US Biggest Mistakes in Caspian Energy Diplomacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
The Reset Policy and Its Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Shale Gas Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Shale Gas Revolution and US Foreign Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Shale Gas and National Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Shale Gas Revolution and International Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
US Energy Policy and Shale Gas Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Shale Gas, the US, and the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Shale Gas and Iran Sanctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
The Challenges Toward Development of Shale Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Hillary Clinton’s Pivot to Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
US New Silk Road and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Contents