synthesis of the specific sequence of peptides leads to the need to improve
methodologies for use in large-scale production to ensure higher yields and income
of these bioactive molecules.
Cytotoxicity studies to ensure safety and the absence of adverse effects in vivo
are required before these products obtain approval from food or pharmaceutical
regulatory agencies. The evaluation of different aspects such as dosage, toxicity,
and possible side effects by human trials should also be considered, to confirm and
validate the established effects of bioactive peptides in vitro. Furthermore, detailed
research is needed to provide better knowledge about maintaining bioactivity
during gastrointestinal transit, peptide absorption mechanisms, and their destination
and place of action in vivo.
Acknowledgements The authors thank Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) and IBB
—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences for funding through project UIDB/04565/2020.
References
1. Daliri EB-M, Oh DH, Lee BH (2017) Bioactive peptides. Foods 6(5):32
2. Manfredi-Lozano M, Roa J, Tena-Sempere M (2018) Connecting metabolism and gonadal
function: novel central neuropeptide pathways involved in the metabolic control of puberty
and fertility. Front Neuroendocrinol 48:37–49
3. Maestri E, Marmiroli M, Marmiroli N (2016) Bioactive peptides in plant-derived foodstuffs.
J Proteomics 147:140–155
4. Ishak NH, Sarbon NM (2017) Optimization of the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of waste
from shortfin scad (Decapterus macrosoma) for the production of angiotensin I-converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide using response surface methodology. Int Food Res J 24(4):
1735–1743
5. Rosales-Mendoza S (2016) Chapter 8, Algae-made nutraceuticals produced using genetic
approaches. In: Rosales-Mendoza S (eds) Algae-based biopharmaceuticals. Springer
International Publishing, Switzerland, pp 121–141
6. Brandelli A, Dariot DJ, Corrêa APF (2015) Whey a source of peptides with remarkable
biological activities. Food Res Int 73:149–161
7. Smithers GW (2015) Whey-ing up the options—yesterday, today and tomorrow. Int Dairy J
48:2–14
8. Nath A, Mondal S, Kanjilal T, Chakraborty S, Curcio S, Bhattacharjee C (2015) Synthesis
and functionality of proteinacious nutraceuticals from casein whey-A clean and safe route of
valorization of dairy waste. Chem Eng Res Des 97:192–207
9. Dhaval A, Yadav N, Purwar S (2016) Potential applications of food derived bioactive
peptides in management of health. Int J Pept Res Ther 22:377–398
10. Morelli G, Accardo A (2015) Peptides in theranostics. In: Kruger G, Albericio F
(eds) Advances in the discovery and development of peptide therapeutics. Future Science
Ltd., pp 173–184
11. Panchaud A, Affolter M, Kussmann M (2012) Mass spectrometry for nutritional
peptidomics: how to analyze food bioactives and their health effects. J Proteomics 75(12):
3546–3559
12. Carrasco-Castilla J, Hernández-Álvarez AJ, Jiménez-Martínez C, Gutiérrez-López GF,
Dávila-Ortiz G (2012) Use of proteomics and peptidomics methods in food bioactive peptide
science and engineering. Food Eng Rev 4(4):224–243
Enzymatic Production of Bioactive Peptides from Whey Proteins …
499
methodologies for use in large-scale production to ensure higher yields and income
of these bioactive molecules.
Cytotoxicity studies to ensure safety and the absence of adverse effects in vivo
are required before these products obtain approval from food or pharmaceutical
regulatory agencies. The evaluation of different aspects such as dosage, toxicity,
and possible side effects by human trials should also be considered, to confirm and
validate the established effects of bioactive peptides in vitro. Furthermore, detailed
research is needed to provide better knowledge about maintaining bioactivity
during gastrointestinal transit, peptide absorption mechanisms, and their destination
and place of action in vivo.
Acknowledgements The authors thank Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) and IBB
—Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences for funding through project UIDB/04565/2020.
References
1. Daliri EB-M, Oh DH, Lee BH (2017) Bioactive peptides. Foods 6(5):32
2. Manfredi-Lozano M, Roa J, Tena-Sempere M (2018) Connecting metabolism and gonadal
function: novel central neuropeptide pathways involved in the metabolic control of puberty
and fertility. Front Neuroendocrinol 48:37–49
3. Maestri E, Marmiroli M, Marmiroli N (2016) Bioactive peptides in plant-derived foodstuffs.
J Proteomics 147:140–155
4. Ishak NH, Sarbon NM (2017) Optimization of the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of waste
from shortfin scad (Decapterus macrosoma) for the production of angiotensin I-converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide using response surface methodology. Int Food Res J 24(4):
1735–1743
5. Rosales-Mendoza S (2016) Chapter 8, Algae-made nutraceuticals produced using genetic
approaches. In: Rosales-Mendoza S (eds) Algae-based biopharmaceuticals. Springer
International Publishing, Switzerland, pp 121–141
6. Brandelli A, Dariot DJ, Corrêa APF (2015) Whey a source of peptides with remarkable
biological activities. Food Res Int 73:149–161
7. Smithers GW (2015) Whey-ing up the options—yesterday, today and tomorrow. Int Dairy J
48:2–14
8. Nath A, Mondal S, Kanjilal T, Chakraborty S, Curcio S, Bhattacharjee C (2015) Synthesis
and functionality of proteinacious nutraceuticals from casein whey-A clean and safe route of
valorization of dairy waste. Chem Eng Res Des 97:192–207
9. Dhaval A, Yadav N, Purwar S (2016) Potential applications of food derived bioactive
peptides in management of health. Int J Pept Res Ther 22:377–398
10. Morelli G, Accardo A (2015) Peptides in theranostics. In: Kruger G, Albericio F
(eds) Advances in the discovery and development of peptide therapeutics. Future Science
Ltd., pp 173–184
11. Panchaud A, Affolter M, Kussmann M (2012) Mass spectrometry for nutritional
peptidomics: how to analyze food bioactives and their health effects. J Proteomics 75(12):
3546–3559
12. Carrasco-Castilla J, Hernández-Álvarez AJ, Jiménez-Martínez C, Gutiérrez-López GF,
Dávila-Ortiz G (2012) Use of proteomics and peptidomics methods in food bioactive peptide
science and engineering. Food Eng Rev 4(4):224–243
Enzymatic Production of Bioactive Peptides from Whey Proteins …
499