11. Zakzeski J, Bruijnincx PCA, Jongerius AL et al (2010) The catalytic valorization of lignin
for the production of renewable chemicals. Chem Rev 110(6):3552–3599. https://doi.org/10.
1021/cr900354u
12. Shrotri A, Kobayashi H, Fukuoka A (2017) Catalytic conversion of structural carbohydrates
and lignin to chemicals. In: Song C (ed) Advances in catalysis, vol 60. Academic, London,
pp 59–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acat.2017.09.002
13. Linger JG, Vardon DR, Guarnieri MT et al (2014) Lignin valorization through integrated
biological funneling and chemical catalysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111(33):12013–12018.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410657111
14. Holladay JE, White JF, Bozell JJ et al. (2007) Top value-added chemicals from biomass—
volume II—results of screening for potential candidates from biorefinery lignin. https://doi.
org/10.2172/921839
15. Guerriero G, Hausman J-F, Strauss J et al (2016) Lignocellulosic biomass: biosynthesis,
degradation, and industrial utilization. Eng Life Sci 16(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.
201400196
16. Chundawat SPS, Beckham GT, Himmel ME et al (2011) Deconstruction of lignocellulosic
biomass to fuels and chemicals. Ann Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2(1):121–145. https://doi.org/
10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114205
17. Bugg TDH, Ahmad M, Hardiman EM et al (2011) Pathways for degradation of lignin in
bacteria and fungi. Nat Prod Rep 28(12):1883–1896. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1NP00042J
18. Jönsson LJ, Martín C (2016) Pretreatment of lignocellulose: formation of inhibitory
by-products and strategies for minimizing their effects. Bioresour Technol 199:103–112.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.009
19. Kamimura N, Sakamoto S, Mitsuda N et al (2019) Advances in microbial lignin degradation
and its applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 56:179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.
2018.11.011
20. Martínez AT, Camarero S, Ruiz-Dueñas. FJ et al (2018) Biological lignin degradation. In:
Lignin valorization. Energy and environment series. pp 199–225. https://doi.org/10.1039/
9781788010351-fp001
21. Janusz G, Pawlik A, Sulej J et al (2017) Lignin degradation: microorganisms, enzymes
involved, genomes analysis and evolution. FEMS Microbiol Rev 41(6):941–962. https://doi.
org/10.1093/femsre/fux049
22. Brink DP, Ravi K, Liden G et al (2019) Mapping the diversity of microbial lignin
catabolism: experiences from the eLignin database. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103
(10):3979–4002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09692-4
23. Ceja-Navarro JA, Karaoz U, Bill M et al (2019) Gut anatomical properties and microbial
functional assembly promote lignocellulose deconstruction and colony subsistence of a
wood-feeding beetle. Nat Microbiol 4(5):864–875. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-0190384-y
24. Pollegioni L, Tonin F, Rosini E (2015) Lignin-degrading enzymes. FEBS J 282(7):1190–
1213. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.13224
25. Asina F, Brzonova I, Voeller K et al (2016) Biodegradation of lignin by fungi, bacteria and
laccases. Bioresour Technol 220:414–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.016
26. Tian JH, Pourcher AM, Bouchez T et al (2014) Occurrence of lignin degradation genotypes
and phenotypes among prokaryotes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98(23):9527–9544. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6142-4
27. Saini A, Aggarwal NK, Sharma A et al (2015) Actinomycetes: a source of lignocellulolytic
enzymes. Enzyme Res 2015:279381. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/279381
28. Suriya J, Bharathiraja S, Manivasagan P et al (2016) Enzymes from rare actinobacterial
strains. Adv Food Nutr Res 79:67–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.08.002
29. Fernandes TAR, Silveira WBd, Passos FML et al (2014) Laccases from Actinobacteria—
what we have and what to expect. Adv Microbiol 04(06):285–296. https://doi.org/10.4236/
aim.2014.46035
Recent Advances in Enzymatic Conversion of Lignin …
463
for the production of renewable chemicals. Chem Rev 110(6):3552–3599. https://doi.org/10.
1021/cr900354u
12. Shrotri A, Kobayashi H, Fukuoka A (2017) Catalytic conversion of structural carbohydrates
and lignin to chemicals. In: Song C (ed) Advances in catalysis, vol 60. Academic, London,
pp 59–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acat.2017.09.002
13. Linger JG, Vardon DR, Guarnieri MT et al (2014) Lignin valorization through integrated
biological funneling and chemical catalysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111(33):12013–12018.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410657111
14. Holladay JE, White JF, Bozell JJ et al. (2007) Top value-added chemicals from biomass—
volume II—results of screening for potential candidates from biorefinery lignin. https://doi.
org/10.2172/921839
15. Guerriero G, Hausman J-F, Strauss J et al (2016) Lignocellulosic biomass: biosynthesis,
degradation, and industrial utilization. Eng Life Sci 16(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.
201400196
16. Chundawat SPS, Beckham GT, Himmel ME et al (2011) Deconstruction of lignocellulosic
biomass to fuels and chemicals. Ann Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2(1):121–145. https://doi.org/
10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114205
17. Bugg TDH, Ahmad M, Hardiman EM et al (2011) Pathways for degradation of lignin in
bacteria and fungi. Nat Prod Rep 28(12):1883–1896. https://doi.org/10.1039/C1NP00042J
18. Jönsson LJ, Martín C (2016) Pretreatment of lignocellulose: formation of inhibitory
by-products and strategies for minimizing their effects. Bioresour Technol 199:103–112.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.009
19. Kamimura N, Sakamoto S, Mitsuda N et al (2019) Advances in microbial lignin degradation
and its applications. Curr Opin Biotechnol 56:179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.
2018.11.011
20. Martínez AT, Camarero S, Ruiz-Dueñas. FJ et al (2018) Biological lignin degradation. In:
Lignin valorization. Energy and environment series. pp 199–225. https://doi.org/10.1039/
9781788010351-fp001
21. Janusz G, Pawlik A, Sulej J et al (2017) Lignin degradation: microorganisms, enzymes
involved, genomes analysis and evolution. FEMS Microbiol Rev 41(6):941–962. https://doi.
org/10.1093/femsre/fux049
22. Brink DP, Ravi K, Liden G et al (2019) Mapping the diversity of microbial lignin
catabolism: experiences from the eLignin database. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 103
(10):3979–4002. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-09692-4
23. Ceja-Navarro JA, Karaoz U, Bill M et al (2019) Gut anatomical properties and microbial
functional assembly promote lignocellulose deconstruction and colony subsistence of a
wood-feeding beetle. Nat Microbiol 4(5):864–875. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-0190384-y
24. Pollegioni L, Tonin F, Rosini E (2015) Lignin-degrading enzymes. FEBS J 282(7):1190–
1213. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.13224
25. Asina F, Brzonova I, Voeller K et al (2016) Biodegradation of lignin by fungi, bacteria and
laccases. Bioresour Technol 220:414–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.016
26. Tian JH, Pourcher AM, Bouchez T et al (2014) Occurrence of lignin degradation genotypes
and phenotypes among prokaryotes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98(23):9527–9544. https://
doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-6142-4
27. Saini A, Aggarwal NK, Sharma A et al (2015) Actinomycetes: a source of lignocellulolytic
enzymes. Enzyme Res 2015:279381. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/279381
28. Suriya J, Bharathiraja S, Manivasagan P et al (2016) Enzymes from rare actinobacterial
strains. Adv Food Nutr Res 79:67–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.08.002
29. Fernandes TAR, Silveira WBd, Passos FML et al (2014) Laccases from Actinobacteria—
what we have and what to expect. Adv Microbiol 04(06):285–296. https://doi.org/10.4236/
aim.2014.46035
Recent Advances in Enzymatic Conversion of Lignin …
463