229. Maia LB, Moura I, Moura JJG (2016) Chapter 1. molybdenum and tungsten-containing
enzymes: an overview. in: molybdenum and tungsten enzymes: biochemistry. Royal Soc
Chem pp 1–80
230. Jalalvand AR, Mahmoudi M, Goicoechea HC (2018) Developing a novel paper-based
enzymatic biosensor assisted by digital image processing and first-order multivariate
calibration for rapid determination of nitrate in food samples. RSC Adv 8:23411–23420.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA02792G
231. Sachdeva V, Hooda V (2014) A new immobilization and sensing platform for nitrate
quantification. Talanta 124:52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.014
232. Sohail M, Adeloju SB (2008) Electroimmobilization of nitrate reductase and nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide into polypyrrole films for potentiometric detection of nitrate. Sensors
Actuators B Chem 133:333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.02.032
233. Xuejiang W, Dzyadevych S, Chovelon J et al (2006) Conductometric nitrate biosensor based
on methyl viologen/Nafion®/nitrate reductase interdigitated electrodes. Talanta 69:450–455.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2005.10.014
234. Zhang K, Zhou H, Hu P, Lu Q (2019) The direct electrochemistry and bioelectrocatalysis of
nitrate reductase at a gold nanoparticles/aminated graphene sheets modified glassy carbon
electrode. RSC Adv 9:37207–37213. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA07082F
235. Patolsky F, Katz E, Heleg-Shabtai V, Willner I (1998) A Crosslinked Microperoxidase-11
and Nitrate Reductase Monolayer on a Gold Electrode: An Integrated Electrically Contacted
Electrode for the Bioelectrocatalyzed Reduction of NO3−. Chem - A Eur J 4:1068–1073.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3765(19980615)4:6%3c1068:AID-CHEM1068%3e3.0.
CO;2-Q
236. Kirstein D, Kirstein L, Scheller F et al (1999) Amperometric nitrate biosensors on the basis
of Pseudomonas stutzeri nitrate reductase. J Electroanal Chem 474:43–51. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S0022-0728(99)00302-2
237. Quan D, Shim JH, Kim JD et al (2005) Electrochemical Determination of Nitrate with
Nitrate Reductase-Immobilized Electrodes under Ambient Air. Anal Chem 77:4467–4473.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac050198b
238. Can F, Korkut Ozoner S, Ergenekon P, Erhan E (2012) Amperometric nitrate biosensor
based on Carbon nanotube/Polypyrrole/Nitrate reductase biofilm electrode. Mater Sci Eng, C
32:18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2011.09.004
239. Gokhale AA, Lu J, Weerasiri RR et al (2015) Amperometric Detection and Quantification of
Nitrate Ions Using a Highly Sensitive Nanostructured Membrane Electrocodeposited
Biosensor Array. Electroanalysis 27:1127–1137. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201400547
240. Moura I, Moura JJG (2001) Structural aspects of denitrifying enzymes. Curr Opin Chem
Biol 5:168–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-5931(00)00187-3
241. Einsle O, Kroneck PMH (2004) Structural basis of denitrification. Biol Chem 385:875–883.
https://doi.org/10.1515/BC.2004.115
242. Astier Y, Canters GW, Davis JJ et al (2005) Sensing Nitrite through a Pseudoazurin-Nitrite
Reductase Electron Transfer Relay. ChemPhysChem 6:1114–1120. https://doi.org/10.1002/
cphc.200400384
243. Silveira CM, Almeida MG (2013) Small electron-transfer proteins as mediators in enzymatic
electrochemical biosensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 405:3619–3635. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00216-013-6786-4
244. Silveira CM, Gomes SP, Araújo AN et al (2010) An efficient non-mediated amperometric
biosensor for nitrite determination. Biosens Bioelectron 25:2026–2032. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.bios.2010.01.031
245. Silveira CM, Pimpão M, Pedroso HA et al (2013) Probing the surface chemistry of different
oxidized MWCNT for the improved electrical wiring of cytochrome c nitrite reductase.
Electrochem Commun 35:17–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.07.027
246. Gomes FO, Maia LB, Loureiro JA et al (2019) Biosensor for direct bioelectrocatalysis
detection of nitric oxide using nitric oxide reductase incorporated in carboxylated
358
T. Monteiro et al.
enzymes: an overview. in: molybdenum and tungsten enzymes: biochemistry. Royal Soc
Chem pp 1–80
230. Jalalvand AR, Mahmoudi M, Goicoechea HC (2018) Developing a novel paper-based
enzymatic biosensor assisted by digital image processing and first-order multivariate
calibration for rapid determination of nitrate in food samples. RSC Adv 8:23411–23420.
https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA02792G
231. Sachdeva V, Hooda V (2014) A new immobilization and sensing platform for nitrate
quantification. Talanta 124:52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.02.014
232. Sohail M, Adeloju SB (2008) Electroimmobilization of nitrate reductase and nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide into polypyrrole films for potentiometric detection of nitrate. Sensors
Actuators B Chem 133:333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2008.02.032
233. Xuejiang W, Dzyadevych S, Chovelon J et al (2006) Conductometric nitrate biosensor based
on methyl viologen/Nafion®/nitrate reductase interdigitated electrodes. Talanta 69:450–455.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2005.10.014
234. Zhang K, Zhou H, Hu P, Lu Q (2019) The direct electrochemistry and bioelectrocatalysis of
nitrate reductase at a gold nanoparticles/aminated graphene sheets modified glassy carbon
electrode. RSC Adv 9:37207–37213. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA07082F
235. Patolsky F, Katz E, Heleg-Shabtai V, Willner I (1998) A Crosslinked Microperoxidase-11
and Nitrate Reductase Monolayer on a Gold Electrode: An Integrated Electrically Contacted
Electrode for the Bioelectrocatalyzed Reduction of NO3−. Chem - A Eur J 4:1068–1073.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3765(19980615)4:6%3c1068:AID-CHEM1068%3e3.0.
CO;2-Q
236. Kirstein D, Kirstein L, Scheller F et al (1999) Amperometric nitrate biosensors on the basis
of Pseudomonas stutzeri nitrate reductase. J Electroanal Chem 474:43–51. https://doi.org/10.
1016/S0022-0728(99)00302-2
237. Quan D, Shim JH, Kim JD et al (2005) Electrochemical Determination of Nitrate with
Nitrate Reductase-Immobilized Electrodes under Ambient Air. Anal Chem 77:4467–4473.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac050198b
238. Can F, Korkut Ozoner S, Ergenekon P, Erhan E (2012) Amperometric nitrate biosensor
based on Carbon nanotube/Polypyrrole/Nitrate reductase biofilm electrode. Mater Sci Eng, C
32:18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2011.09.004
239. Gokhale AA, Lu J, Weerasiri RR et al (2015) Amperometric Detection and Quantification of
Nitrate Ions Using a Highly Sensitive Nanostructured Membrane Electrocodeposited
Biosensor Array. Electroanalysis 27:1127–1137. https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.201400547
240. Moura I, Moura JJG (2001) Structural aspects of denitrifying enzymes. Curr Opin Chem
Biol 5:168–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1367-5931(00)00187-3
241. Einsle O, Kroneck PMH (2004) Structural basis of denitrification. Biol Chem 385:875–883.
https://doi.org/10.1515/BC.2004.115
242. Astier Y, Canters GW, Davis JJ et al (2005) Sensing Nitrite through a Pseudoazurin-Nitrite
Reductase Electron Transfer Relay. ChemPhysChem 6:1114–1120. https://doi.org/10.1002/
cphc.200400384
243. Silveira CM, Almeida MG (2013) Small electron-transfer proteins as mediators in enzymatic
electrochemical biosensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 405:3619–3635. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00216-013-6786-4
244. Silveira CM, Gomes SP, Araújo AN et al (2010) An efficient non-mediated amperometric
biosensor for nitrite determination. Biosens Bioelectron 25:2026–2032. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.bios.2010.01.031
245. Silveira CM, Pimpão M, Pedroso HA et al (2013) Probing the surface chemistry of different
oxidized MWCNT for the improved electrical wiring of cytochrome c nitrite reductase.
Electrochem Commun 35:17–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2013.07.027
246. Gomes FO, Maia LB, Loureiro JA et al (2019) Biosensor for direct bioelectrocatalysis
detection of nitric oxide using nitric oxide reductase incorporated in carboxylated
358
T. Monteiro et al.