5. Smith P, Martino D, Cai Z et al (2008) Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture. Philos
Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363:789–813
6. Smith KA, Mosier AR, Crutzen PJ et al (2012) The role of N 2 O derived from crop-based
biofuels, and from agriculture in general, in Earth’s climate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol
Sci 367:1169–1174
7. de Vries W, Kros J, Kroeze C et al (2013) Assessing planetary and regional nitrogen
boundaries related to food security and adverse environmental impacts. Curr Opin Environ
Sustain 5:392–402
8. Erisman JW, Galloway JN, Seitzinger S et al (2013) Consequences of human modification of
the global nitrogen cycle. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 368:20130116
9. Davidson EA, Kanter D (2014) Inventories and scenarios of nitrous oxide emissions.
Environ Res Lett 9:105012
10. Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockström J et al (2015) Planetary boundaries: guiding human
development on a changing planet. Science 347:1259855
11. Kanter DR, Zhang X, Mauzerall DL et al (2016) The importance of climate change and
nitrogen use efficiency for future nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture. Environ Res Lett
11:094003
12. Erisman JW, Sutton MA, Galloway J et al (2008) How a century of ammonia synthesis
changed the world. Nat Geosci 1:636–639
13. IPCC (2020) Climate change and land. An IPCC Special Report on climate change,
desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Summary for Policymakers. IPCC, Geneva,
Switzerland
14. Simon J (2002) Enzymology and bioenergetics of respiratory nitrite ammonification. FEMS
Microbiol Rev 26:285–309
15. Stein LY (2011) Surveying N 2 O-producing pathways in bacteria. Methods Enzymol
486:131–152
16. Simon J, Klotz MG (2013) Diversity and evolution of bioenergetic systems involved in
microbial nitrogen compound transformations. Biochim Biophys Acta 1827:114–135
17. Stein LY, Klotz MG (2016) The nitrogen cycle. Curr Biol 26:R94-98
18. Torres MJ, Simon J, Rowley G et al (2016) Nitrous oxide metabolism in nitrate-reducing
bacteria: physiology and regulatory mechanisms. Adv Microb Physiol 68:353–432
19. Hein S, Simon J (2019) Bacterial nitrous oxide respiration: electron transport chains and
copper transfer reactions. Adv Microb Physiol 75:137–175
20. Stein LY (2020) The long-term relationship between microbial metabolism and greenhouse
gases. Trends Microbiol 28:500–511
21. Campbell MA, Nyerges G, Kozlowski JA et al (2011) Model of the molecular basis for
hydroxylamine oxidation and nitrous oxide production in methanotrophic bacteria. FEMS
Microbiol Lett 322:82–89
22. Chandran K, Stein LY, Klotz MG et al (2011) Nitrous oxide production by lithotrophic
ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and implications for engineered nitrogen-removal system.
Biochem Soc Trans 39:1832–1837
23. Schreiber F, Wunderlin P, Udert KM (2012) Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide turnover in
natural and engineered microbial communities: biological pathways, chemical reactions and
novel technologies. Front Microbiol 3:372
24. Stieglmeier M, Mooshammer M, Kitzler B et al (2014) Aerobic nitrous oxide production
through N-nitrosating hybrid formation in ammonia-oxidizing archaea. ISME J 8:1135–1146
25. Kozlowski JA, Stieglmeier M, Schleper C et al (2016) Pathways and key intermediates
required for obligate aerobic ammonia-dependent chemolithotrophy in bacteria and
Thaumarchaeota. ISME J 10:1836–1845
26. Lenhart K, Behrendt T, Greiner S et al (2019) Nitrous oxide effluxes from plants as a
potentially important source to the atmosphere. New Phytol 221:1398–1408
206
J. Simon
Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363:789–813
6. Smith KA, Mosier AR, Crutzen PJ et al (2012) The role of N 2 O derived from crop-based
biofuels, and from agriculture in general, in Earth’s climate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol
Sci 367:1169–1174
7. de Vries W, Kros J, Kroeze C et al (2013) Assessing planetary and regional nitrogen
boundaries related to food security and adverse environmental impacts. Curr Opin Environ
Sustain 5:392–402
8. Erisman JW, Galloway JN, Seitzinger S et al (2013) Consequences of human modification of
the global nitrogen cycle. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 368:20130116
9. Davidson EA, Kanter D (2014) Inventories and scenarios of nitrous oxide emissions.
Environ Res Lett 9:105012
10. Steffen W, Richardson K, Rockström J et al (2015) Planetary boundaries: guiding human
development on a changing planet. Science 347:1259855
11. Kanter DR, Zhang X, Mauzerall DL et al (2016) The importance of climate change and
nitrogen use efficiency for future nitrous oxide emissions from agriculture. Environ Res Lett
11:094003
12. Erisman JW, Sutton MA, Galloway J et al (2008) How a century of ammonia synthesis
changed the world. Nat Geosci 1:636–639
13. IPCC (2020) Climate change and land. An IPCC Special Report on climate change,
desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Summary for Policymakers. IPCC, Geneva,
Switzerland
14. Simon J (2002) Enzymology and bioenergetics of respiratory nitrite ammonification. FEMS
Microbiol Rev 26:285–309
15. Stein LY (2011) Surveying N 2 O-producing pathways in bacteria. Methods Enzymol
486:131–152
16. Simon J, Klotz MG (2013) Diversity and evolution of bioenergetic systems involved in
microbial nitrogen compound transformations. Biochim Biophys Acta 1827:114–135
17. Stein LY, Klotz MG (2016) The nitrogen cycle. Curr Biol 26:R94-98
18. Torres MJ, Simon J, Rowley G et al (2016) Nitrous oxide metabolism in nitrate-reducing
bacteria: physiology and regulatory mechanisms. Adv Microb Physiol 68:353–432
19. Hein S, Simon J (2019) Bacterial nitrous oxide respiration: electron transport chains and
copper transfer reactions. Adv Microb Physiol 75:137–175
20. Stein LY (2020) The long-term relationship between microbial metabolism and greenhouse
gases. Trends Microbiol 28:500–511
21. Campbell MA, Nyerges G, Kozlowski JA et al (2011) Model of the molecular basis for
hydroxylamine oxidation and nitrous oxide production in methanotrophic bacteria. FEMS
Microbiol Lett 322:82–89
22. Chandran K, Stein LY, Klotz MG et al (2011) Nitrous oxide production by lithotrophic
ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and implications for engineered nitrogen-removal system.
Biochem Soc Trans 39:1832–1837
23. Schreiber F, Wunderlin P, Udert KM (2012) Nitric oxide and nitrous oxide turnover in
natural and engineered microbial communities: biological pathways, chemical reactions and
novel technologies. Front Microbiol 3:372
24. Stieglmeier M, Mooshammer M, Kitzler B et al (2014) Aerobic nitrous oxide production
through N-nitrosating hybrid formation in ammonia-oxidizing archaea. ISME J 8:1135–1146
25. Kozlowski JA, Stieglmeier M, Schleper C et al (2016) Pathways and key intermediates
required for obligate aerobic ammonia-dependent chemolithotrophy in bacteria and
Thaumarchaeota. ISME J 10:1836–1845
26. Lenhart K, Behrendt T, Greiner S et al (2019) Nitrous oxide effluxes from plants as a
potentially important source to the atmosphere. New Phytol 221:1398–1408
206
J. Simon