17.5
Conclusions
The term nanocatalysis was introduced by Somorjai in 1994 when he used confined electrons of an STM tip to induce an electrochemical process. Earlier experiments on free clusters pointed towards the possibility of using small clusters with
intrinsically confined valence electrons as catalysts to tune the properties atom-byatom. These two completely different pioneering ideas have become further sophisticated during the last few years. It has become possible to use size-selected
clusters on surfaces to catalyze simple chemical reactions and to tune the catalytic
properties with size as well as using the tip of an STM to control every step of a
chemical reaction on a local scale. With these examples a deeper understanding of
nanocatalytic factors is now emerging and such studies will have profound impact
on the catalysis of systems at the ultimate size limit.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG). S.A. acknowledges the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for financial support.
References
1 Berzelius, J. J. New Philos. J. 1836,
XXI, 223.
2 Ertl, G.; Freund, H.-J. Phys. Today
1999, 52, 32–38.
3 http://itri.loyola.edu/IWGN.Research.
Directions/, eds. Roco, M. C.,
Williams, R. S., Alivisatos, P. 1999.
4 Special nanotechnology issue, Sci.
Am. 2001, 285, 38–56 (see Raukes, M.
p 48–57; Whiterides, G. M., Save,
J. C. p 38–56).
5 Heiz, U.; Schneider, W.-D. Crit. Rev.
Solid State Mater. Sci. 2001, 26, 251–
290.
6 Ha ¨kkinen, H.; Abbet, S.; Sanchez
et al. Angew. Chem. 2003, in press.
7 Knight, W. D.; Clemenger, K.; de
Heer, W. et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1984,
52, 2141.
8 Schumacher, E.; Blatter, F.; Frey,
M. et al. Chimia 1988, 42, 357–376.
9 Billas, I. M. L.; Chatelain, A.;
deHeer, W. A. Science 1994, 265,
1682.
10 Moseler, M.; Ha ¨kkinen, H.;
Landman, U. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 89,
176103.
11 Kaldor, A.; Cox, D.; Zakin, M. R.
Adv. Chem. Phys. 1988, 70, 211.
12 Pacchioni, G. Surf. Rev. Lett. 2000, 7,
277.
13 Di Valentin, C.; Del Vitto, A.;
Pacchioni, G. et al. J. Phys. Chem. B
2002, 106, 11961.
14 Sanchez, A.; Abbet, S.; Heiz, U. et al.
J. Phys. Chem. A 1999, 103, 9573–
9578.
15 Heiz, U.; Vanolli, F.; Trento, L. Rev.
Sci. Instrum. 1997, 68, 1986.
16 Heiz, U.; Schneider, W.-D. J. Phys.
D: Appl. Phys. 2000, 33, R85–R102.
17 He, J.-W.; Møller, P. L. Chem. Phys.
Lett. 1986, 129, 13.
18 Peterka, D.; Tegenkamp, C.;
Schro ¨der, K. M. et al. Surf. Sci. 1999,
431, 146–155.
19 Illas, F.; Pacchioni, G. J. Chem.
Phys. 1998, 108, 7835.
17 Nanocatalysis
586
Conclusions
The term nanocatalysis was introduced by Somorjai in 1994 when he used confined electrons of an STM tip to induce an electrochemical process. Earlier experiments on free clusters pointed towards the possibility of using small clusters with
intrinsically confined valence electrons as catalysts to tune the properties atom-byatom. These two completely different pioneering ideas have become further sophisticated during the last few years. It has become possible to use size-selected
clusters on surfaces to catalyze simple chemical reactions and to tune the catalytic
properties with size as well as using the tip of an STM to control every step of a
chemical reaction on a local scale. With these examples a deeper understanding of
nanocatalytic factors is now emerging and such studies will have profound impact
on the catalysis of systems at the ultimate size limit.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgesellschaft (DFG). S.A. acknowledges the Swiss National Science Foundation and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for financial support.
References
1 Berzelius, J. J. New Philos. J. 1836,
XXI, 223.
2 Ertl, G.; Freund, H.-J. Phys. Today
1999, 52, 32–38.
3 http://itri.loyola.edu/IWGN.Research.
Directions/, eds. Roco, M. C.,
Williams, R. S., Alivisatos, P. 1999.
4 Special nanotechnology issue, Sci.
Am. 2001, 285, 38–56 (see Raukes, M.
p 48–57; Whiterides, G. M., Save,
J. C. p 38–56).
5 Heiz, U.; Schneider, W.-D. Crit. Rev.
Solid State Mater. Sci. 2001, 26, 251–
290.
6 Ha ¨kkinen, H.; Abbet, S.; Sanchez
et al. Angew. Chem. 2003, in press.
7 Knight, W. D.; Clemenger, K.; de
Heer, W. et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1984,
52, 2141.
8 Schumacher, E.; Blatter, F.; Frey,
M. et al. Chimia 1988, 42, 357–376.
9 Billas, I. M. L.; Chatelain, A.;
deHeer, W. A. Science 1994, 265,
1682.
10 Moseler, M.; Ha ¨kkinen, H.;
Landman, U. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 89,
176103.
11 Kaldor, A.; Cox, D.; Zakin, M. R.
Adv. Chem. Phys. 1988, 70, 211.
12 Pacchioni, G. Surf. Rev. Lett. 2000, 7,
277.
13 Di Valentin, C.; Del Vitto, A.;
Pacchioni, G. et al. J. Phys. Chem. B
2002, 106, 11961.
14 Sanchez, A.; Abbet, S.; Heiz, U. et al.
J. Phys. Chem. A 1999, 103, 9573–
9578.
15 Heiz, U.; Vanolli, F.; Trento, L. Rev.
Sci. Instrum. 1997, 68, 1986.
16 Heiz, U.; Schneider, W.-D. J. Phys.
D: Appl. Phys. 2000, 33, R85–R102.
17 He, J.-W.; Møller, P. L. Chem. Phys.
Lett. 1986, 129, 13.
18 Peterka, D.; Tegenkamp, C.;
Schro ¨der, K. M. et al. Surf. Sci. 1999,
431, 146–155.
19 Illas, F.; Pacchioni, G. J. Chem.
Phys. 1998, 108, 7835.
17 Nanocatalysis
586