tions as cold cathode field emission devices. Field emission characteristics of both
b-SiC and Si nanowires have been investigated using current voltage measurements and the Fowler–Northeim equation. These Si and SiC exhibit robost field
emission with turn-on fields of 15 and 20 V mm
À1 , respectively [286, 349], with
current density of 0.01 mA cm
À2 , which are comparable with those of other field
emitters like diamond and carbon nanotubes.
References
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2 W. Kratschmer, L. D. Lamb, K.
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347, 354–358.
3 S. Iijima, Nature 1991, 354, 56–58.
4 S. Iijima, T. Ichihashi, Nature 1993,
363, 603–605.
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6 W. K. Hsu, J. P. Hare, M. Terrones
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9 S. Iijima, P. M. Ajayan, T.
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10 V. P. Dravid, X. Lin, Y. Wang et al.,
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11 P. M. Ajayan, T. W. Ebbesen, T.
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12 S. C. Tsang, P. J. F. Harris, M. L. H.
Green, Nature 1993, 362, 520–522.
13 S. C. Tsang, Y. K. Chen, P. J. F.
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14 C. N. R. Rao, R. Seshadri, A.
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15 Special issue on Carbon Nanotubes,
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17 M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus,
P. C. Eklund, in Science of
Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes,
Academic Press, San Diego 1996,
756–917.
18 Carbon Nanotubes: (special issue),
Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 998–1113.
19 M. Terrones, W. K. Hsu, H. W.
Kroto et al., Top. Curr. Chem. 1999,
199, 190–234.
20 (a) C. N. R. Rao, B. C. Satishkumar,
A. Govindaraj et al., Chem. Phys.
Chem. 2001, 2, 78–105; (b) R. H.
Baughman, A. A. Zakhidov, W. A.
de Heer, Science 2002, 297, 787–792.
21 P. Yang, Y. Wu, R. Fan, Int. J.
Nanoscience 2002, 1–39.
22 C. N. R. Rao, M. Nath, Dalton Trans.
2003, 1–24.
23 R. Tenne, Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8 (23),
5296–5304.
24 G. R. Patzke, F. Krumeich, R.
Nesper, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
2002, 41, 2446–2461.
25 T. W. Ebbesen, P. M. Ajayan, Nature
1992, 358, 220–222.
26 N. Hatta, K. Murata, Chem. Phys.
Lett. 1994, 217, 398–402.
27 D. T. Colbert, J. Zhang, S. M.
McClure et al., Science 1994, 266,
1218–1222.
28 M. Ge, K. Sattler, Science 1993, 260,
515–518.
29 (a) W. K. Hsu, M. Terrones, J. P.
Hare et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 1994,
262, 161–166; (b) Y. Gogotsi, J. A.
Libera, M. Yoshimura, J. Mater. Res.
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b-SiC and Si nanowires have been investigated using current voltage measurements and the Fowler–Northeim equation. These Si and SiC exhibit robost field
emission with turn-on fields of 15 and 20 V mm
À1 , respectively [286, 349], with
current density of 0.01 mA cm
À2 , which are comparable with those of other field
emitters like diamond and carbon nanotubes.
References
1 H. W. Kroto, J. R. Heath, S. C.
O’Brien et al., Nature 1985, 318, 162–
163.
2 W. Kratschmer, L. D. Lamb, K.
Fostiropoulos et al., Nature 1990,
347, 354–358.
3 S. Iijima, Nature 1991, 354, 56–58.
4 S. Iijima, T. Ichihashi, Nature 1993,
363, 603–605.
5 D. S. Bethune, C. H. Kiang, M. S. de
Vries et al., Nature 1993, 363, 605–
607.
6 W. K. Hsu, J. P. Hare, M. Terrones
et al., Nature 1995, 377, 687.
7 M. Endo, K. Takeuchi, S. Igarashi
et al., J. Phys. Chem. Solids 1993, 54,
1841–1848.
8 (a) P. M. Ajayan, T. Ichihashi, S.
Iijima, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1993, 202,
384–388; (b) S. G. Louie, Top. Appl.
Phys. 2001, 80, 113–145.
9 S. Iijima, P. M. Ajayan, T.
Ichihashi, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1992, 69,
3100–3103.
10 V. P. Dravid, X. Lin, Y. Wang et al.,
Science 1993, 259, 1601–1604.
11 P. M. Ajayan, T. W. Ebbesen, T.
Ichihashi et al., Nature 1993, 362,
522–525.
12 S. C. Tsang, P. J. F. Harris, M. L. H.
Green, Nature 1993, 362, 520–522.
13 S. C. Tsang, Y. K. Chen, P. J. F.
Harris et al., Nature 1994, 372, 159–
162.
14 C. N. R. Rao, R. Seshadri, A.
Govindaraj et al., Mater. Sci. Eng., R.
1995, 15, 209–262; P. M. Ajayan,
Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 1787–1799.
15 Special issue on Carbon Nanotubes,
Appl. Phys. A. 1998, 67, 1–119; Appl.
Phys. A. 1999, 69, 245–312; Carbon
Nanotubes, J. Mater. Res. 1998, 13,
2355–2423; articles in J. Phys. Chem.
2000, 104 and Physics World, June
2000.
16 AIP Conf. Proc. 1999, 442.
17 M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus,
P. C. Eklund, in Science of
Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes,
Academic Press, San Diego 1996,
756–917.
18 Carbon Nanotubes: (special issue),
Acc. Chem. Res. 2002, 35, 998–1113.
19 M. Terrones, W. K. Hsu, H. W.
Kroto et al., Top. Curr. Chem. 1999,
199, 190–234.
20 (a) C. N. R. Rao, B. C. Satishkumar,
A. Govindaraj et al., Chem. Phys.
Chem. 2001, 2, 78–105; (b) R. H.
Baughman, A. A. Zakhidov, W. A.
de Heer, Science 2002, 297, 787–792.
21 P. Yang, Y. Wu, R. Fan, Int. J.
Nanoscience 2002, 1–39.
22 C. N. R. Rao, M. Nath, Dalton Trans.
2003, 1–24.
23 R. Tenne, Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8 (23),
5296–5304.
24 G. R. Patzke, F. Krumeich, R.
Nesper, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
2002, 41, 2446–2461.
25 T. W. Ebbesen, P. M. Ajayan, Nature
1992, 358, 220–222.
26 N. Hatta, K. Murata, Chem. Phys.
Lett. 1994, 217, 398–402.
27 D. T. Colbert, J. Zhang, S. M.
McClure et al., Science 1994, 266,
1218–1222.
28 M. Ge, K. Sattler, Science 1993, 260,
515–518.
29 (a) W. K. Hsu, M. Terrones, J. P.
Hare et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 1994,
262, 161–166; (b) Y. Gogotsi, J. A.
Libera, M. Yoshimura, J. Mater. Res.
2000, 15, 2591–2594.
References 275