15.2.1 Living Polymerization 478
15.3
Polymer Conformational Control 480
15.4
Morphology of Block Copolymers 484
15.5
Nanostructures Based on Bulk Phase Separation 486
15.6
Nanostructures Based on Lyotropic Mesophases 493
15.6.1 Core-Crosslinked Systems 495
15.6.2 Shell-Crosslinked Systems 497
15.6.3 Nanocages 500
15.7
Rod–Coil Diblock Copolymers 502
15.8
Nanostructures from Polymerized Surfactant Assemblies 507
15.9
Summary and Outlook 513
Acknowledgements 514
References 515
16
Recent Developments in the Chemistry and Chemical Applications of
Porous Silicon 518
J. M. Schmeltzer and J. M. Buriak
16.1
Introduction 518
16.2
Preparation and Characterization of Porous Silicon Substrates 518
16.3
Surface Chemistry of Porous Silicon Surfaces 522
16.4
Chemical Applications Based on Porous Silicon 527
16.4.1 Bioactive Porous Silicon 527
16.4.2 Micro Enzyme Reactors (mIMERS) and Total Analysis Systems
(mTAS) 531
16.4.3 Porous Silicon Sensors 532
16.4.4 Explosive Porous Silicon 539
16.4.5 Desorption/Ionization on Silicon Mass Spectrometry (DIOS-MS) 540
16.5
Conclusion 546
Acknowledgments 547
References 547
17
Nanocatalysis 551
S. Abbet and U. Heiz
17.1
Introduction 551
17.2
Chemical Reactions on Point Defects of Oxide Surfaces 552
17.3
Chemical Reactions and Catalytic Processes on Free and Supported
Clusters 555
17.3.1 Catalytic Processes on Free Metal Clusters 555
17.3.2 Chemical Reactions and Catalytic Cycles on Supported Clusters 562
17.3.2.1 Single Atoms on Oxide Surfaces 562
17.3.2.2 Size-Selected Clusters on Oxide Surfaces 566
17.3.3 Turn-Over Frequencies of Catalytic Reactions on Supported Clusters 578
17.3.3.1 A Newly Designed Pulsed Valve for Molecular Beam Experiments 578
17.3.3.2 Size-Distributed Clusters on Oxide Surfaces 580
17.4
Chemical Reactions Induced by Confined Electrons 582
Contents
xii
15.3
Polymer Conformational Control 480
15.4
Morphology of Block Copolymers 484
15.5
Nanostructures Based on Bulk Phase Separation 486
15.6
Nanostructures Based on Lyotropic Mesophases 493
15.6.1 Core-Crosslinked Systems 495
15.6.2 Shell-Crosslinked Systems 497
15.6.3 Nanocages 500
15.7
Rod–Coil Diblock Copolymers 502
15.8
Nanostructures from Polymerized Surfactant Assemblies 507
15.9
Summary and Outlook 513
Acknowledgements 514
References 515
16
Recent Developments in the Chemistry and Chemical Applications of
Porous Silicon 518
J. M. Schmeltzer and J. M. Buriak
16.1
Introduction 518
16.2
Preparation and Characterization of Porous Silicon Substrates 518
16.3
Surface Chemistry of Porous Silicon Surfaces 522
16.4
Chemical Applications Based on Porous Silicon 527
16.4.1 Bioactive Porous Silicon 527
16.4.2 Micro Enzyme Reactors (mIMERS) and Total Analysis Systems
(mTAS) 531
16.4.3 Porous Silicon Sensors 532
16.4.4 Explosive Porous Silicon 539
16.4.5 Desorption/Ionization on Silicon Mass Spectrometry (DIOS-MS) 540
16.5
Conclusion 546
Acknowledgments 547
References 547
17
Nanocatalysis 551
S. Abbet and U. Heiz
17.1
Introduction 551
17.2
Chemical Reactions on Point Defects of Oxide Surfaces 552
17.3
Chemical Reactions and Catalytic Processes on Free and Supported
Clusters 555
17.3.1 Catalytic Processes on Free Metal Clusters 555
17.3.2 Chemical Reactions and Catalytic Cycles on Supported Clusters 562
17.3.2.1 Single Atoms on Oxide Surfaces 562
17.3.2.2 Size-Selected Clusters on Oxide Surfaces 566
17.3.3 Turn-Over Frequencies of Catalytic Reactions on Supported Clusters 578
17.3.3.1 A Newly Designed Pulsed Valve for Molecular Beam Experiments 578
17.3.3.2 Size-Distributed Clusters on Oxide Surfaces 580
17.4
Chemical Reactions Induced by Confined Electrons 582
Contents
xii