References
1. Kadioglu A, Weiser JN, Paton JC, Andrew PW
(2008) The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae
virulence factors in host respiratory colonization and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol
6:288–301
2. Chong CP, Street PR (2008) Pneumonia in the
elderly: a review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, microbiology, and clinical features.
South Med J 101:1141–1145; quiz 1132,
1179
3. Chen WH, Kozlovsky BF, Effros RB, GrubeckLoebenstein B, Edelman R, Sztein MB (2009)
Vaccination in the elderly: an immunological
perspective. Trends Immunol 30:351–359
4. Adderson EE (2001) Antibody repertoires in
infants and adults: effects of T-independent
and T-dependent immunizations. Springer
Semin Immunopathol 23:387–403
5. Simell B, Vuorela A, Ekstrom N, Palmu A,
Reunanen A, Meri S, Kayhty H, Vakevainen
M (2011) Aging reduces the functionality of
anti-pneumococcal antibodies and the killing
of Streptococcus pneumoniae by neutrophil
phagocytosis. Vaccine 29:1929–1934
6. Song JY, Moseley MA, Burton RL, Nahm MH
(2013) Pneumococcal vaccine and opsonic
pneumococcal antibody. J Infect Chemother
19:412–425
7. Romero-Steiner S, Musher DM, Cetron MS,
Pais LB, Groover JE, Fiore AE, Plikaytis BD,
Carlone GM (1999) Reduction in functional
antibody activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae in vaccinated elderly individuals highly
correlates with decreased IgG antibody avidity.
Clin Infect Dis 29:281–288
8. Usinger WR, Lucas AH (1999) Avidity as a
determinant of the protective efficacy of
human antibodies to pneumococcal capsular
polysaccharides. Infect Immun 67:2366–2370
9. Romero-Steiner S, Frasch CE, Carlone G,
Fleck RA, Goldblatt D, Nahm MH (2006)
Use of opsonophagocytosis for serological
evaluation of pneumococcal vaccines. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13:165–169
10. Bou Ghanem EN, Clark S, Roggensack SE,
McIver SR, Alcaide P, Haydon PG, Leong JM
(2015) Extracellular adenosine protects against
Streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection by regulating pulmonary neutrophil recruitment.
PLoS Pathog 11:e1005126
11. Garvy BA, Harmsen AG (1996) The importance of neutrophils in resistance to pneumococcal pneumonia in adult and neonatal mice.
Inflammation 20:499–512
12. Hahn I, Klaus A, Janze AK, Steinwede K,
Ding N, Bohling J, Brumshagen C,
Serrano H, Gauthier F, Paton JC, Welte T,
Maus UA (2011) Cathepsin G and neutrophil
elastase play critical and nonredundant roles in
lung-protective immunity against Streptococcus
pneumoniae in mice. Infect Immun
79:4893–4901
13. Rolston KV (2001) The spectrum of pulmonary infections in cancer patients. Curr Opin
Oncol 13:218–223
14. Alonso De Velasco E, Dekker BA, Verheul AF,
Feldman RG, Verhoef J, Snippe H (1995)
Anti-polysaccharide immunoglobulin isotype
levels and opsonic activity of antisera: relationships with protection against Streptococcus
pneumoniae infection in mice. J Infect Dis
172:562–565
15. Gerdts V, Littel-van den Hurk S, Griebel PJ,
Babiuk LA (2007) Use of animal models in the
development of human vaccines. Future
Microbiol 2:667–675
16. Swamydas M, Lionakis MS (2013) Isolation,
purification and labeling of mouse bone marrow neutrophils for functional studies and
adoptive transfer experiments. J Vis Exp (77):
e50586. https://doi.org/10.3791/50586
17. Bou
Ghanem
EN,
Maung
NHT,
Siwapornchai N, Goodwin AE, Clark S,
Munoz-Elias EJ, Camilli A, Gerstein RM,
Leong JM (2018) Nasopharyngeal exposure
to Streptococcus pneumoniae induces extended
age-dependent protection against pulmonary
infection mediated by antibodies and CD138
(+) cells. J Immunol 200:3739–3751
18. Moor K, Fadlallah J, Toska A, Sterlin D, Balmer ML, Macpherson AJ, Gorochov G,
Larsen M, Slack E (2016) Analysis of bacterialsurface-specific antibodies in body fluids using
bacterial flow cytometry. Nat Protoc
11:1531–1553
19. Dalia AB, Standish AJ, Weiser JN (2010) Three
surface exoglycosidases from Streptococcus
pneumoniae, NanA, BgaA, and StrH, promote
resistance to opsonophagocytic killing by
human
neutrophils.
Infect
Immun
78:2108–2116
20. Zysk G, Bejo L, Schneider-Wald BK, Nau R,
Heinz H (2000) Induction of necrosis and
apoptosis of neutrophil granulocytes by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Exp Immunol
122:61–66
21. Bou Ghanem EN, Clark S, Du X, Wu D,
Camilli A, Leong JM, Meydani SN (2015)
The alpha-tocopherol form of vitamin E
reverses age-associated susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection by modulating pulmonary neutrophil recruitment. J
Immunol 194:1090–1099
574
Manmeet Bhalla et al.
1. Kadioglu A, Weiser JN, Paton JC, Andrew PW
(2008) The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae
virulence factors in host respiratory colonization and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol
6:288–301
2. Chong CP, Street PR (2008) Pneumonia in the
elderly: a review of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, microbiology, and clinical features.
South Med J 101:1141–1145; quiz 1132,
1179
3. Chen WH, Kozlovsky BF, Effros RB, GrubeckLoebenstein B, Edelman R, Sztein MB (2009)
Vaccination in the elderly: an immunological
perspective. Trends Immunol 30:351–359
4. Adderson EE (2001) Antibody repertoires in
infants and adults: effects of T-independent
and T-dependent immunizations. Springer
Semin Immunopathol 23:387–403
5. Simell B, Vuorela A, Ekstrom N, Palmu A,
Reunanen A, Meri S, Kayhty H, Vakevainen
M (2011) Aging reduces the functionality of
anti-pneumococcal antibodies and the killing
of Streptococcus pneumoniae by neutrophil
phagocytosis. Vaccine 29:1929–1934
6. Song JY, Moseley MA, Burton RL, Nahm MH
(2013) Pneumococcal vaccine and opsonic
pneumococcal antibody. J Infect Chemother
19:412–425
7. Romero-Steiner S, Musher DM, Cetron MS,
Pais LB, Groover JE, Fiore AE, Plikaytis BD,
Carlone GM (1999) Reduction in functional
antibody activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae in vaccinated elderly individuals highly
correlates with decreased IgG antibody avidity.
Clin Infect Dis 29:281–288
8. Usinger WR, Lucas AH (1999) Avidity as a
determinant of the protective efficacy of
human antibodies to pneumococcal capsular
polysaccharides. Infect Immun 67:2366–2370
9. Romero-Steiner S, Frasch CE, Carlone G,
Fleck RA, Goldblatt D, Nahm MH (2006)
Use of opsonophagocytosis for serological
evaluation of pneumococcal vaccines. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13:165–169
10. Bou Ghanem EN, Clark S, Roggensack SE,
McIver SR, Alcaide P, Haydon PG, Leong JM
(2015) Extracellular adenosine protects against
Streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection by regulating pulmonary neutrophil recruitment.
PLoS Pathog 11:e1005126
11. Garvy BA, Harmsen AG (1996) The importance of neutrophils in resistance to pneumococcal pneumonia in adult and neonatal mice.
Inflammation 20:499–512
12. Hahn I, Klaus A, Janze AK, Steinwede K,
Ding N, Bohling J, Brumshagen C,
Serrano H, Gauthier F, Paton JC, Welte T,
Maus UA (2011) Cathepsin G and neutrophil
elastase play critical and nonredundant roles in
lung-protective immunity against Streptococcus
pneumoniae in mice. Infect Immun
79:4893–4901
13. Rolston KV (2001) The spectrum of pulmonary infections in cancer patients. Curr Opin
Oncol 13:218–223
14. Alonso De Velasco E, Dekker BA, Verheul AF,
Feldman RG, Verhoef J, Snippe H (1995)
Anti-polysaccharide immunoglobulin isotype
levels and opsonic activity of antisera: relationships with protection against Streptococcus
pneumoniae infection in mice. J Infect Dis
172:562–565
15. Gerdts V, Littel-van den Hurk S, Griebel PJ,
Babiuk LA (2007) Use of animal models in the
development of human vaccines. Future
Microbiol 2:667–675
16. Swamydas M, Lionakis MS (2013) Isolation,
purification and labeling of mouse bone marrow neutrophils for functional studies and
adoptive transfer experiments. J Vis Exp (77):
e50586. https://doi.org/10.3791/50586
17. Bou
Ghanem
EN,
Maung
NHT,
Siwapornchai N, Goodwin AE, Clark S,
Munoz-Elias EJ, Camilli A, Gerstein RM,
Leong JM (2018) Nasopharyngeal exposure
to Streptococcus pneumoniae induces extended
age-dependent protection against pulmonary
infection mediated by antibodies and CD138
(+) cells. J Immunol 200:3739–3751
18. Moor K, Fadlallah J, Toska A, Sterlin D, Balmer ML, Macpherson AJ, Gorochov G,
Larsen M, Slack E (2016) Analysis of bacterialsurface-specific antibodies in body fluids using
bacterial flow cytometry. Nat Protoc
11:1531–1553
19. Dalia AB, Standish AJ, Weiser JN (2010) Three
surface exoglycosidases from Streptococcus
pneumoniae, NanA, BgaA, and StrH, promote
resistance to opsonophagocytic killing by
human
neutrophils.
Infect
Immun
78:2108–2116
20. Zysk G, Bejo L, Schneider-Wald BK, Nau R,
Heinz H (2000) Induction of necrosis and
apoptosis of neutrophil granulocytes by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Exp Immunol
122:61–66
21. Bou Ghanem EN, Clark S, Du X, Wu D,
Camilli A, Leong JM, Meydani SN (2015)
The alpha-tocopherol form of vitamin E
reverses age-associated susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumoniae lung infection by modulating pulmonary neutrophil recruitment. J
Immunol 194:1090–1099
574
Manmeet Bhalla et al.