Public Health Nations Health 18(8):1075.
https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.18.8.1075-a
9. Germanier R, Fu ¨rer E (1971) Immunity in
experimental salmonellosis. II. Basis for the
avirulence and protective capacity of gal E
mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. Infect
Immun 4(6):663–673
10. Wilson DB, Hogness DS (1964) The enzymes
of the galactose operon in Escherichia
coli. I. Purification and characterization of uridine diphosphogalactose 4-epimerase. J Biol
Chem 239:2469–2481
11. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall
RJ (1951) Protein measurements with de folin
phenol reagent. Readings 193(1):265–275.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(92)
87011-4
12. Takahashi M, Otsuka T, Okuno Y, Asano Y,
Yazaki T, Isomura S (1974) Live vaccine used
to prevent the spread of varicella in children in
hospital. Lancet 2(7892):1288–1290. https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(74)90144-5
13. Li J, Are ´valo MT, Diaz-Are ´valo D, Chen Y,
Choi JG, Zeng M (2015) Generation of a safe
and effective live viral vaccine by virus selfattenuation using species-specific artificial
microRNA. J Control Release 207:70–76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.
001
14. Fan RLY, Valkenburg SA, Wong CKS, Li
OTW, Nicholls JM, Rabadan R, Peiris JSM,
Poon LLM (2015) Generation of live attenuated influenza virus by using codon usage bias.
J Virol 89(21):10762–10773. https://doi.
org/10.1128/jvi.01443-15
15. Wang L, Liu SY, Chen HW, Xu J, Chapon M,
Zhang T, Zhou F, Wang YE, Quanquin N,
Wang G, Tian X, He Z, Liu L, Yu W, Sanchez
DJ, Liang Y, Jiang T, Modlin R, Bloom BR,
Li Q, Deng JC, Zhou P, Qin FXF, Cheng G
(2017) Generation of a live attenuated influenza vaccine that elicits broad protection in
mice and ferrets. Cell Host Microbe 21
(3):334–343.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chom.2017.02.007
16. Van Dijk MR, Douradinha B, Franke-Fayard B,
Heussler V, Van Dooren MW, Van Schaijk B,
Van Gemert GJ, Sauerwein RW, Mota MM,
Waters AP, Janse CJ (2005) Genetically attenuated P36p-deficient malarial sporozouites
induce protective immunity and apoptosis of
infected liver cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
102(34):12194–12199. https://doi.org/10.
1073/pnas.0500925102
17. Franke-Fayard B, Trueman H, Ramesar J,
Mendoza J, Van Der Keur M, Van Der
Linden R, Sinden RE, Waters AP, Janse CJ
(2004) A Plasmodium berghei reference line
that constitutively expresses GFP at a high
level throughout the complete life cycle. Mol
Biochem Parasitol 137(1):23–33. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.04.007
18. De Koning-Ward TF, Speranc ¸a MA, Waters
AP, Janse CJ (1999) Analysis of stage specificity
of promoters in Plasmodium berghei using
luciferase as a reporter. Mol Biochem Parasitol
100(1):141–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0166-6851(99)00042-0
19. De Koning-Ward TF, Fidock DA, Thathy V,
Menard R, Van Spaendonk RML, Waters AP,
Janse CJ (2000) The selectable marker human
dihydrofolate reductase enables sequential
genetic manipulation of the Plasmodium berghei genome. Mol Biochem Parasitol 106
(2):199–212.
https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0166-6851(99)00189-9
20. Stowers A, Carter R (2001) Current developments in malaria transmission-blocking vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther 1(4):619–628
21. Carrolo M, Giordano S, Cabrita-Santos L,
Corso S, Viga ´rio AM, Silva S, Leiria ˜o P,
Carapau D, Armas-Portela R, Comoglio PM,
Rodriguez A, Mota MM (2003) Hepatocyte
growth factor and its receptor are required for
malaria infection. Nat Med 9:1363–1369.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nm947
22. Mota MM, Pradel G, Vanderberg JP, Hafalla
JCR,
Frevert
U,
Nussenzweig
RS,
Nussenzweig V, Rodriguez A (2001) Migration of Plasmodium sporozoites through cells
before infection. Science 291(5501):141–144.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.
141
23. Orjih AU, Cochrane AH, Nussenzweig RS
(1982) Comparative studies on the immunogenicity of infective and attenuated sporozoites
of Plasmodium berghei. Trans R Soc Trop Med
Hyg 76(1):57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/
0035-9203(82)90019-0
24. Nussenzweig RS, Vanderberg J, Most H,
Orton C (1967) Protective immunity produced by the injection of X-irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei. Nature 216
(5111):160–162
25. Fukasawa T, Nikaido H (1961) Galactosesensitive
mutants
of
Salmonella
II. Bacteriolysis induced by galactose. Biochim
Biophys Acta 48:470–483. https://doi.org/
10.1016/0006-3002(61)90045-2
26. Reed LJ, Mu ¨ench H (1938) A simple method
of estimating 50 percent end-points. Am. J
Hyg 27:493–497
27. Caunt AE, Taylor Robinson D (1964) Cell-free
varicella-zoster virus in tissue culture. J Hyg
354
Dipasree Hajra et al.
https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.18.8.1075-a
9. Germanier R, Fu ¨rer E (1971) Immunity in
experimental salmonellosis. II. Basis for the
avirulence and protective capacity of gal E
mutants of Salmonella typhimurium. Infect
Immun 4(6):663–673
10. Wilson DB, Hogness DS (1964) The enzymes
of the galactose operon in Escherichia
coli. I. Purification and characterization of uridine diphosphogalactose 4-epimerase. J Biol
Chem 239:2469–2481
11. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall
RJ (1951) Protein measurements with de folin
phenol reagent. Readings 193(1):265–275.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(92)
87011-4
12. Takahashi M, Otsuka T, Okuno Y, Asano Y,
Yazaki T, Isomura S (1974) Live vaccine used
to prevent the spread of varicella in children in
hospital. Lancet 2(7892):1288–1290. https://
doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(74)90144-5
13. Li J, Are ´valo MT, Diaz-Are ´valo D, Chen Y,
Choi JG, Zeng M (2015) Generation of a safe
and effective live viral vaccine by virus selfattenuation using species-specific artificial
microRNA. J Control Release 207:70–76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.
001
14. Fan RLY, Valkenburg SA, Wong CKS, Li
OTW, Nicholls JM, Rabadan R, Peiris JSM,
Poon LLM (2015) Generation of live attenuated influenza virus by using codon usage bias.
J Virol 89(21):10762–10773. https://doi.
org/10.1128/jvi.01443-15
15. Wang L, Liu SY, Chen HW, Xu J, Chapon M,
Zhang T, Zhou F, Wang YE, Quanquin N,
Wang G, Tian X, He Z, Liu L, Yu W, Sanchez
DJ, Liang Y, Jiang T, Modlin R, Bloom BR,
Li Q, Deng JC, Zhou P, Qin FXF, Cheng G
(2017) Generation of a live attenuated influenza vaccine that elicits broad protection in
mice and ferrets. Cell Host Microbe 21
(3):334–343.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
chom.2017.02.007
16. Van Dijk MR, Douradinha B, Franke-Fayard B,
Heussler V, Van Dooren MW, Van Schaijk B,
Van Gemert GJ, Sauerwein RW, Mota MM,
Waters AP, Janse CJ (2005) Genetically attenuated P36p-deficient malarial sporozouites
induce protective immunity and apoptosis of
infected liver cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
102(34):12194–12199. https://doi.org/10.
1073/pnas.0500925102
17. Franke-Fayard B, Trueman H, Ramesar J,
Mendoza J, Van Der Keur M, Van Der
Linden R, Sinden RE, Waters AP, Janse CJ
(2004) A Plasmodium berghei reference line
that constitutively expresses GFP at a high
level throughout the complete life cycle. Mol
Biochem Parasitol 137(1):23–33. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.04.007
18. De Koning-Ward TF, Speranc ¸a MA, Waters
AP, Janse CJ (1999) Analysis of stage specificity
of promoters in Plasmodium berghei using
luciferase as a reporter. Mol Biochem Parasitol
100(1):141–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0166-6851(99)00042-0
19. De Koning-Ward TF, Fidock DA, Thathy V,
Menard R, Van Spaendonk RML, Waters AP,
Janse CJ (2000) The selectable marker human
dihydrofolate reductase enables sequential
genetic manipulation of the Plasmodium berghei genome. Mol Biochem Parasitol 106
(2):199–212.
https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0166-6851(99)00189-9
20. Stowers A, Carter R (2001) Current developments in malaria transmission-blocking vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther 1(4):619–628
21. Carrolo M, Giordano S, Cabrita-Santos L,
Corso S, Viga ´rio AM, Silva S, Leiria ˜o P,
Carapau D, Armas-Portela R, Comoglio PM,
Rodriguez A, Mota MM (2003) Hepatocyte
growth factor and its receptor are required for
malaria infection. Nat Med 9:1363–1369.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nm947
22. Mota MM, Pradel G, Vanderberg JP, Hafalla
JCR,
Frevert
U,
Nussenzweig
RS,
Nussenzweig V, Rodriguez A (2001) Migration of Plasmodium sporozoites through cells
before infection. Science 291(5501):141–144.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5501.
141
23. Orjih AU, Cochrane AH, Nussenzweig RS
(1982) Comparative studies on the immunogenicity of infective and attenuated sporozoites
of Plasmodium berghei. Trans R Soc Trop Med
Hyg 76(1):57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/
0035-9203(82)90019-0
24. Nussenzweig RS, Vanderberg J, Most H,
Orton C (1967) Protective immunity produced by the injection of X-irradiated sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei. Nature 216
(5111):160–162
25. Fukasawa T, Nikaido H (1961) Galactosesensitive
mutants
of
Salmonella
II. Bacteriolysis induced by galactose. Biochim
Biophys Acta 48:470–483. https://doi.org/
10.1016/0006-3002(61)90045-2
26. Reed LJ, Mu ¨ench H (1938) A simple method
of estimating 50 percent end-points. Am. J
Hyg 27:493–497
27. Caunt AE, Taylor Robinson D (1964) Cell-free
varicella-zoster virus in tissue culture. J Hyg
354
Dipasree Hajra et al.